S12- immunology Flashcards
the role of immune system is to…
complex group of molecules, cells, tissues and organs that provide protection from…microbes, tumour cells, foreign material
Antigens are…
it is only recognised by immune system if….
substance that triggers immune response
it is presented on the surface of an antigen presenting cell (APC)
antigen presenting cell has….complex or….complex (which binds to antigen and display it)
- major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
antibody (immunoglubin) is a…
it is produced by…
specific protein made in response to an antigen
B cells
types of cells involved in immne system
- from myeloid progenitor
- from lymphoid progenitor
- Dendritic cell, mast cell, myeloblast (basophil, neutrophilm eosinophil, monocytes/ macrophages)
- natural killer cell, T and B lymphocytes (T helper, cytotoxic , memory cells, plasma)
neutrophils…enter tissue in..numbers (first line of defence)
they are useful in…infections
they form…
rapidly, large
bacterial/ fungal infections
‘pus’
what do neutrophils do..
- release toxic chemicals (ie: MPO)
- release chemicals to attract other immune cells (cytotoxins)
- phagocytose organisms
- create neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs)
NETs are..
made of a network of extracellular strings of DNA that bind pathogenic microbes. Histones and several neutrophil granule proteins associated with the DNA framework damage entrapped microorganisms
basophil (in blood)/ mast cells (in tissue) both release…
this helps the defence against..
they can cause…in allergy
histamine (a vasodilator= for wider vessels so more WBC can go through)
multicellular parasites (helminths)
tissue damage
Eosinophils contain…that contain…and…
they help in defence against…
they can cause…in allergy (ie: asthma)
red granules
toxic proteins and free radicals
multicellular parasites (ie: helminths)
tissue damage
dendritic cells (the one with arms) are located in..
its main role is..(they migrate to..to activate immune system)
tissues that are common points for initial infection (skin/ lungs/ GI tract)
antigen presenting cell
Lymph nodes (where there are many WBC)
monocytes (in blood)/ macrophages (in tissue) are responsible for…
they are also an APC and they migrate to…
they recruite…
phagocytosis (of debris/ dying cells/ microbes)
Lymph nodes to activate immune system
other immune cells (ie: cytokines)
natural killer cells release…
they trigger…in infected host cell (do not attack pathogen directly) and in…cells
perforins and granymes
apoptosis
cancerous
2 types of tissues involved in immnue system..
- primary lymphoid tissue (where lymphocytes develop and mature)
- secondary lymphoid tissue (where lymphocytes encounter antogens/ pathogens)
2 examples of primary lymphoid tissues
- bone marrow
- thymus gland
examples of secondary lymphoid tissues
Lymph nodes
Spleen
lymphoid tissue at other sites…tonsils/ adenoids/ peyer’s patches
bone marrow is found in…
it is the site of production of…
it is site of maturation of…
centre of large bones
- WBC/ RBC/ platelets
B cells
thymus is a…behind…
is site of maturation of…
it is…in children and…in adults
Gland, sternum/ breastbone
T cells
larger
small and fatty
lymph nodes are found throughout the body with large numbers in…
they are connected via…
they act as areas to…any infection or cancer cells from the lymoh fluid
neck, axilla (armpit), groin, paraortic area
channel of lymphatic vessels
‘Filter out’
Spleen is an…in the..
it is made of 2 tissues admixed:
organ in upper outer quadrant of abdomen
1. white pulp= similar to lymph node= have lymohocytes stimulated by antigens
2. red pulp= filters out red blood cells
the innate immune systems (primary response) triggers the…by…
innate is…
Adaptive is…
Adaptive/ acquired immune system (secondary response) by presenting antigens
- first line/ rapid/ short lasting/ non-specific
- second line/ slow/ long ;acting/ specific to antigen
4 types of innate immunity
- Mechanical/ physical barrier= skin/ mucous membranes/ mucus/ silica/ tears/ eyelashes/ sweat/ body hair
- chemical mediators
- immune cells= phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)/ natural killer cells (apoptosis of infected cells)
- other= stomach acid pH/ fever/ compatition by normal bacterial flora
3 examples of chemical mediators
- Lysozyme (cleaves bacterial cell wall)
- interferon (induce antoviral defenses in uninfected cells)
- complement (lyses microbes/ facilitates phagocytosis)
adaptive/ acquired immune response includes:
- B cells (and their antibodies)
- T cells
humoral immunity is…
Cell- mediated immunity is…
antibodies in blood
T lymphocytes
passive immunity is when…
it can be…
they are…term
antibodies are recieved from somewhere else
- naturally (mother to foetus= placenta/ breast milk)
- artificially= injections
short term
active immunity is when the body…
it is…term
makes its own antobodies
long term
