S12- immunology

Question 1

the role of immune system is to…

Answer 1

complex group of molecules, cells, tissues and organs that provide protection from…microbes, tumour cells, foreign material

Question 2

Antigens are…
it is only recognised by immune system if….

Answer 2

substance that triggers immune response
it is presented on the surface of an antigen presenting cell (APC)

Question 3

antigen presenting cell has….complex or….complex (which binds to antigen and display it)

Answer 3

• major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
• human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex

Question 4

antibody (immunoglubin) is a…
it is produced by…

Answer 4

specific protein made in response to an antigen
B cells

Question 5

types of cells involved in immne system
- from myeloid progenitor
- from lymphoid progenitor

Answer 5

1. Dendritic cell, mast cell, myeloblast (basophil, neutrophilm eosinophil, monocytes/ macrophages)
2. natural killer cell, T and B lymphocytes (T helper, cytotoxic , memory cells, plasma)

Question 6

neutrophils…enter tissue in..numbers (first line of defence)
they are useful in…infections
they form…

Answer 6

rapidly, large
bacterial/ fungal infections
‘pus’

Question 7

what do neutrophils do..

Answer 7

1. release toxic chemicals (ie: MPO)
2. release chemicals to attract other immune cells (cytotoxins)
3. phagocytose organisms
4. create neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs)

Question 8

NETs are..

Answer 8

made of a network of extracellular strings of DNA that bind pathogenic microbes. Histones and several neutrophil granule proteins associated with the DNA framework damage entrapped microorganisms

Question 9

basophil (in blood)/ mast cells (in tissue) both release…
this helps the defence against..
they can cause…in allergy

Answer 9

histamine (a vasodilator= for wider vessels so more WBC can go through)

multicellular parasites (helminths)
tissue damage

Question 10

Eosinophils contain…that contain…and…
they help in defence against…
they can cause…in allergy (ie: asthma)

Answer 10

red granules
toxic proteins and free radicals
multicellular parasites (ie: helminths)
tissue damage

Question 11

dendritic cells (the one with arms) are located in..
its main role is..(they migrate to..to activate immune system)

Answer 11

tissues that are common points for initial infection (skin/ lungs/ GI tract)

antigen presenting cell
Lymph nodes (where there are many WBC)

Question 12

monocytes (in blood)/ macrophages (in tissue) are responsible for…
they are also an APC and they migrate to…
they recruite…

Answer 12

phagocytosis (of debris/ dying cells/ microbes)
Lymph nodes to activate immune system
other immune cells (ie: cytokines)

Question 13

natural killer cells release…
they trigger…in infected host cell (do not attack pathogen directly) and in…cells

Answer 13

perforins and granymes
apoptosis
cancerous

Question 14

2 types of tissues involved in immnue system..

Answer 14

1. primary lymphoid tissue (where lymphocytes develop and mature)
2. secondary lymphoid tissue (where lymphocytes encounter antogens/ pathogens)

Question 15

2 examples of primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 15

1. bone marrow
2. thymus gland

Question 16

examples of secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 16

Lymph nodes
Spleen
lymphoid tissue at other sites…tonsils/ adenoids/ peyer’s patches

Question 17

bone marrow is found in…
it is the site of production of…
it is site of maturation of…

Answer 17

centre of large bones
- WBC/ RBC/ platelets
B cells

Question 18

thymus is a…behind…
is site of maturation of…
it is…in children and…in adults

Answer 18

Gland, sternum/ breastbone
T cells
larger
small and fatty

Question 19

lymph nodes are found throughout the body with large numbers in…
they are connected via…
they act as areas to…any infection or cancer cells from the lymoh fluid

Answer 19

neck, axilla (armpit), groin, paraortic area
channel of lymphatic vessels
‘Filter out’

Question 20

Spleen is an…in the..
it is made of 2 tissues admixed:

Answer 20

organ in upper outer quadrant of abdomen
1. white pulp= similar to lymph node= have lymohocytes stimulated by antigens
2. red pulp= filters out red blood cells

Question 21

the innate immune systems (primary response) triggers the…by…
innate is…
Adaptive is…

Answer 21

Adaptive/ acquired immune system (secondary response) by presenting antigens
- first line/ rapid/ short lasting/ non-specific
- second line/ slow/ long ;acting/ specific to antigen

Question 22

4 types of innate immunity

Answer 22

1. Mechanical/ physical barrier= skin/ mucous membranes/ mucus/ silica/ tears/ eyelashes/ sweat/ body hair
2. chemical mediators
3. immune cells= phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)/ natural killer cells (apoptosis of infected cells)
4. other= stomach acid pH/ fever/ compatition by normal bacterial flora

Question 23

3 examples of chemical mediators

Answer 23

1. Lysozyme (cleaves bacterial cell wall)
2. interferon (induce antoviral defenses in uninfected cells)
3. complement (lyses microbes/ facilitates phagocytosis)

Question 24

adaptive/ acquired immune response includes:

Answer 24

• B cells (and their antibodies)
• T cells

Question 25

humoral immunity is…
Cell- mediated immunity is…

Answer 25

antibodies in blood
T lymphocytes

Question 26

passive immunity is when…
it can be…
they are…term

Answer 26

antibodies are recieved from somewhere else
- naturally (mother to foetus= placenta/ breast milk)
- artificially= injections
short term

Question 27

active immunity is when the body…
it is…term

Answer 27

makes its own antobodies
long term