S6 L1 - HIV, Norovirus, MRSA Flashcards
- *HIV**
- What does HIV stand for
- Brief explaination of what happens in HIV, which cell are affected…
- 4 stages of HIV
Clinical stages
- Name 3 and explain
- Pathogen
- People at risk
- Who to test
- Mechanism of infection
- Signs and symptoms
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Outcome
- Prevention
Signs and Symptoms:
- HIV
- AIDs
- 7 steps of HIV life cycle
- Confidentiality
- Cancer associated with HIV
Norovirus
Description
Complications
Treatment
Transmission
Complications:
Dehydration
Malnutrition
Norovirus doesn’t kill you, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances do
Description:
Norovirus is a small, non-enveloped single stranded RNA virus that is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks.
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment available so treatment consists of supportive measures.
Transmission:
Transmission is mainly faecal-oral and also thought to be respiratory. Can be spread following ingestion of contaminated food, direct person-to-person contact or through contact with contaminated surfaces. We used it in this case study to illustrate how to think about infection control measures using the 4P model outlined in the lecture.
Complications:
Dehydration
Malnutrition
Norovirus doesn’t kill you, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances do
Treatment:
There is no specific treatment available so treatment consists of supportive measures.
Transmission:
Transmission is mainly faecal-oral and also thought to be respiratory. Can be spread following ingestion of contaminated food, direct person-to-person contact or through contact with contaminated surfaces. We used it in this case study to illustrate how to think about infection control measures using the 4P model outlined in the lecture.
- *MRSA**
- What is MRSA?
- What does MRSA stand for?
- What is the source of Staph. Aureus infection?
- Transmission
- Treatment for MRSA
- Infection control for MRSA Infection control
What is MRSA?
MRSA is a type of Staphylococcus aureus that is resistant to most beta-lactam antibiotics, antistaphylococcal penicillins (e.g., methicillin, oxacillin), and cephalosporins. Methicillin is still used to describe resistance because of its historical role.
**MRSA = Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Meticillin** = Methicillin
Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA with regard to hospital acquired infections and infection control.
What is the source of Staphylococcus aureus infection?
Staphylococcal bacteria are relatively common. S. aureus is both a commensal organism and a pathogen.
Microbiota: The anterior nares are the main ecological niche for S. aureus. Approximately 20% of individuals are persistently nasally colonized with S. aureus, and 30% are intermittently colonized. However, numerous other sites may be colonized, including the axillae, groin, and gastrointestinal tract. Colonization provides a reservoir from which bacteria can be introduced when host defenses are breached. Colonization clearly increases the risk for subsequent infection. Those with S. aureus infections are generally infected with their colonizing strain Colonization also allows S. aureusto be transmitted among individuals in both health care and community settings.
Transmission:
How MRSA is spread MRSA bacteria are usually spread through skin-to-skin contact with someone who has an MRSA infection or has the bacteria living on their skin. The bacteria can also spread through contact with towels, sheets, clothes, dressings or other objects that have been used by a person infected or colonised with MRSA. MRSA can survive for long periods on objects or surfaces, such as door handles, sinks, floors and cleaning equipment.
- *Treatment** for MRSA:
- *Vancomycin via IV** (Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic and inhibits cell wall synthesis)
Infection Control for MRSA Infection control:
The policy varies between countries and hospitals; but most include:
· Active screening of high-risk patients and exposed healthcare workers for carriage
· Strict implementation of transmission based precautions
· etc
