S5: HAI Flashcards
Def of HAI
- are infections that are not present or incubating at time of admission to healthcare facility, Infections occur more than 48 h. after admission is considered HAI.
Def of Community-acquired infections
- are the infections that patients have outside the
hospital or become clinically apparent within 48 hours of the hospital admission or has had the infection when admitted to the hospital for some other reason.
Def of Infection Control
refers to policies and procedures used to minimize the risk of spreading infections, especially in hospitals and health care facilities
INFECTION CONTROL is a multi- disciplinary responsibility.
…
Burden of HAI
- Increased length of stay
- Prolonged therapy
- Increased direct costs
- High mortality (26% of all deaths in multihospital study were associated with an HAI).
- In USA, ….. million HAI occur annually, resulting in about ….., Costing USD …….. each year.
- The cost for drug-resistant MRSA patients over a 6-month period was 118% higher than the cost of treating drug-susceptible MRSA
- 2.5
- 250000 deaths.
- 28 billion to 33 billion
Epidemiology (Factors predispose to) HAIs
- Host factors
- Environmental factors
- Technology factors
- Human factors
Epidemiology (Factors predispose to) HAIs
- Host Factors
patients, healthcare personnel, and visitors
Epidemiology (Factors predispose to) HAIs
- Environmental Factors
The hospital environment promotes the spread of pathogen.
- The proximity to other pt
- Contamination of equipment
- Water contamination
- Unwashed hands of HCWs (80%) and insanitary environment.
Susceptible Host for HAI
❖ immunocopromized eg: HIV/AIDS, Malignancy, Transplants.
❖ Medications that alter normal flora, such as antimicrobial agent.
❖ Surgical procedures
❖ Radiation therapy
❖ Invasive devices such as urinary catheters, endotracheal tubes, central venous.
Epidemiology (Factors predispose to) HAIs
- Technology Factors
- Technologic advances in health care provide sophisticated methods of monitoring and caring for pt.
- These advances provide:
● new portal of entry
● alter normal flora
● increase antibiotic res
Epidemiology (Factors predispose to) HAIs
- Human Factors
- Number and skill level of caregivers have decreased (HCWs are busier than ever and lack of continuous training)
What are Micro-organisms involved in healthcare associated infections?
Study common sites of infection
❖The most common two micro-organisms involved in healthcare associated infections are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (of which the resistant strain MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
❖ followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
❖ Enterococcus species,
❖ coagulase-negative staphylococci
❖ Candida species.
The most common two micro-organisms involved in healthcare associated infections are …..
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus (of which the resistant strain MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
High Risk areas in health facilities are ……
in health facilities: acute care hospitals, ICUs, neonatal units, long term care facilities.
The Prevention of HAIs is the duty of IC program that includes …..
- Presence of an integrated program that include: IC Committee: formed of employees and with representatives from all department of the hospital and IC Team formed of doctor and one or more nurse practitioners.
IC Commitee
formed of employees and with representatives from all department of the hospital
IC Team
IC Team formed of doctor and one or more nurse practitioners.
5 main domains in infection control team duties
I) Improving hand hygiene practices in health care settings
II) Personal protective equipment.
III) Safe practice to prevent injury with sharp objects
IV) Isolation precautions
V) Environmental sanitation and Waste disposal
Healthcare-associated pathogens are most often transmitted from patient to patient ……..
- on the hands of healthcare workers
- It is the most important domain of infection control
….. is the most important domain of infection control
- Healthcare-associated pathogens are most often transmitted from patient to patient on the hands of healthcare workers
- It is the most important domain of infection control
When to wash your hands (5 moments to wash your hand)?
- Before touching a patient.
- Before aseptic procedure.
- After a procedure or body fluid exposure risk.
- After touching a patient.
- After contact with patient surroundings
Precaution in working in HC facilities
- Regarding Hand Hygiene
Why Is Adherence of Personnel to Recommended Hand washing so poor?
1- Heavy workloads (too busy)
2- Sinks are poorly located
3- Skin irritation caused by frequent exposure to soap and water: some types contain emollients to prevent irritation.
4- Hands don’t look dirty
5- Hand washing takes too long time.
Steps of washing hands