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Practical - Y3R7 (Community) > S3: Outbreak Investigation > Flashcards

S3: Outbreak Investigation Flashcards

1
Q

Def of Endemic

A
  • Constant presence of a disease all over the year in certain area
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2
Q

Def of Epidemic

A
  • Sudden appearance of a disease in certain area or in a specific time in excess of normal expectations based on past experience
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3
Q

Def of Outbreak

A

Localized epidemic

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4
Q

def of Pandemic

A
  • Epidemic of a disease spread from one country to another in short time

OR

  • a disease occurs at same time in different countries
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5
Q

Def of Sporadic

A

refers to a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly.

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6
Q

Def of Outbreak in Details

A

Localized epidemic
 In a given area
 Over a particular period of time.
 Among specific group of people

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7
Q

Objectives of investigation of an outbreak

A

❶ To define the magnitude

❷ To determine the particular conditions and factors responsible for the occurrence of the epidemic.

❸ To identify the cause, source of infection, and modes of transmission

❹ To formulate prevention and control measures

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8
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

A

Summary

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9
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

  • Verification of diagnosis by clinical and labor Methods
A

**Example: In Case of Food Poisoning **

  • Clinical diagnosis: cases show diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, colic, and may be headache with mild fever.
  • Laboratory diagnosis: depends on culturing of food samples, vomitus and stool to detect the causative organism.
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10
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

  • confirmation of the existence of an outbreak
A
  • By comparing the frequency of the disease with the frequency during the same period of the previous year.
  • An epidemic exists when the number of cases is more than the expected number in relation to past experience .e.g. cholera – food poisoning - viral hepatitis – gastro-enteritis –polio.
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11
Q

An epidemic exists when …..

A
  • the number of cases is more than the expected number in relation to past experience .e.g. cholera – food poisoning - viral hepatitis – gastro-enteritis –polio.
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12
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

  • cases finding and their characteristics
A

 A map of locality with a rapid house to hous search.

 Number every house in the locality.

 Enumerate the population by age & sex.

 Epidemiological surveillance & Epidemiological case sheet & its contents

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13
Q

Epidemiological surveillance

A
  • The period for case finding is twice the incubation
    period of disease from the occurrence of the last case.
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14
Q

Epidemiological case sheet & its contents

A

age - sex -occupation - onset of disease - diagnosis - personal contacts at home, workplace, school & other places especially events as parties & history of immunization.

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15
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

  • Study of Ecological Factors (Environmental Factors)
A

 Change in temperature or humidity.
 Pollution of water supply
 Population dynamics of insects & animal reservoir.
 Fairs & festivals.
 Movement of the human population.

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16
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

  • Investigations of population risk
A

(Who share the same environment)

17
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

  • Data analysis
A
  • A complete list of the cases by chronological order to show: commencement & peak of the epidemic.
  • Find out the 1st or index case: to trace source of infection.
  • Epidemic curves are plotted
  • Specific incidence rates & case fatality rates are worked out for different subgroups of population such as, age, sex, & occupation.
  • The data are also related to environmental factors.
18
Q

A complete list of the cases by chronological order to show: ….

A

commencement & peak of the epidemic.

19
Q

Find out the 1st or index case to …..

A

trace source of infection.

20
Q
  • Epidemic curves are plotted
  • Specific incidence rates & case fatality rates are worked out for different subgroups of population such as, age, sex, & occupation.
  • The data are also related to environmental factors.
A

…

21
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

  • Formation of hypothesis
A

Explaining the epidemic in terms of its origin, causative factors & mode of spread.

21
Q

Steps of investigation of an outbreak

  • Recommendation for prevention and control
A

….

22
Q

Def of Epidemic curve

A

A histogram that shows the course of a disease outbreak by plotting the number of cases by the onset of illness.

23
Q

Importance of Epidemic curve

  • Epidemic Curve provides info on …..
A

❶ Probable time of exposure of cases to a source of infection.

❷ Probable incubation period.

❸ Whether the outbreak was due to a common point source (as contaminated food), a propagated source (as person-to-person contact) or both

❹ Whether the outbreak was time limited or ongoing.

24
Q

Classification of epidemics & epidemic curve

A
25
Q

Def of common source epidemic

A
  • It is the one in which people are exposed intermittently or continuously to a common harmful
    source.
  • The period of exposure may be brief or long.
26
Q

Period of exposure in common source epidemic

A

The period of exposure may be brief or long.

27
Q

Def of Propagated epidemic

A
  • The propagated epidemics last longer than common source epidemics due to spread from person to person
28
Q

Types of Common source epidemic

A

❶ An intermittent Exposure Epidemic Curve.

❷ Continuous Exposure Epidemic Curve.

❸ A point Source Exposure Epidemic Curve.

29
Q

epidemic curve in intermittent exposure

A
  • An epidemic curve with irregular peaks reflecting the timing & extent of the exposure
30
Q

Examples of Epidemic curve of intermittent exposure

A

water borne outbreak due to intermittent contamination of community water supply

31
Q

Epidemic curve of Continous exposure

A

Cases rise gradually & possibly plateau, rather than peak.

32
Q

Example of Epidemic curve of Continous exposure

A

a waterborne outbreak due to continuous contamination of community water supply.

33
Q

Epidemic curve of Point source exposure

A

An epidemic curve with a sharp upward slope & a gradual downward slope.

34
Q

Example of Epidemic curve of Point source exposure

A
  • It is common source outbreak in which exposure period is relatively brief & all cases occur within one incubation period.
35
Q

Characters of Propagated epidemics

A
  • It lasts longer than the common source epidemic
  • may lead to multiple waves of infection if secondary and tertiary cases occur.
  • The classic propagated epidemic curve has a series of progressively taller peaks, each with an incubation period apart.
36
Q

The pattern of a common-source outbreak followed by secondary person-to-person spread is not uncommon

  • These are called …. epidemics.
A

mixed

37
Q

Example of Mixed Epidemics

A

Practical - Y3R7 (Community) (7 decks)

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