S1: Immunization & Vaccination Flashcards
Prevention concept
- The goals of medicine are to promote health, to preserve health, to restore health when it is impaired, and to minimize suffering and distress.
- These goals are embodied in the word “prevention”
Another Name of Passive Immunization
Seroprophylaxis
Methods of Passive Immunization
Using serum contains (antibody) immunoglobulin (Ig) or lymphocytes
Why & When is Passive Immunization used?
- Used in prophylaxis or treatment & before or after exposure to infection
Adv & Disadv of Passive Immunization
Gives rapid but short-time protection
Types of Passive Immunization
Animal or human preparation.
Another Name of Active Immunization
Vaccination
Def of Vaccines
- Weapons to prevent diseases, made of microorganisms (similar to ones cause diseases) or of toxins produced by the microorganisms (antigenic non toxigenic) that cannot harm people.
Types of Vaccines
1.Live attenuated vaccine
2. Killed vaccines
3. Toxoids
4.Subunit/conjugate
Preparation & MOA of Live Attenuated Vaccines
- Wild viruses are attenuated or weakened in a laboratory usually by repeated culturing to produce an immune response.
- A relatively small dose of virus is administered, which replicates in the body and creates enough of the organism to stimulate an immune response.
- Wild viruses are attenuated or weakened in a laboratory usually by ……. to produce an immune response.
repeated culturing
A relatively small dose of virus is administered, which replicates in the body and creates enough of the organism to stimulate an immune response.
..
Anything that either damages the live organism in the vial (e.g., heat, light) or interferes with replication of the organism in the body (circulating antibody) can cause the vaccine to be ineffective
…
Examples of LAV
- Sabin vaccine for polio infection
- measles vaccination
- Yellow Fever Vx
- BCG
Preparation & MOA of Killed vaccines
- Inactivated vaccines are produced by growing the virus in culture media, then inactivating it with heat and or chemicals (usually formalin).
- Most inactivated vaccines, however, stimulate a weaker immune system response than do live vaccines.
- So it would likely take several additional doses, or booster shots, to maintain a person’s immunity.
Inactivated vaccines are produced by growing the virus in culture media, then inactivating it with ……
heat and or chemicals (usually formalin).
Most inactivated vaccines, however, stimulate a weaker immune system response than do live vaccines. So it would likely take several additional doses, or booster shots, to maintain a person’s immunity
…
Examples of Killed vaccines
- Salk
- Sinopharm
- Influenza
- Typhoid
- Cholera
Introduction of tetanus toxoid pathology
- Some bacterial diseases are not directly caused by a bacterium itself, but by a toxin produced by the bacterium.
- One example is tetanus: its symptoms are not caused by the Clostridium tetani bacterium, but by a neurotoxin it produces (tetanospasmin).
Preparation & MOA of TT
- Immunizations for this type of pathogen can be made by inactivating the toxin that causes disease symptoms.
- As with organisms or viruses used in killed or inactivated vaccines, this can be done via treatment with a chemical such as formalin, or by using heat or
other methods.
Examples of Toxoids
Tetanus toxoid vaccination
Both subunit and conjugate vaccines contain …….
only pieces of the pathogens they protect agains
Prep & MOA of Subunit vaccines
- use only part of a target pathogen to provoke a response from the immune system
(This may be done by isolating a specific protein from a pathogen and presenting it as an antigen on its own)
Examples of Subunit vaccines
- Acellular pertussis vaccine and influenza vaccine (in shot form)