S2: Survaillence Flashcards
Def of Surveillance
- Ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation & dissemination of health data.
Objectives of Surveillance
❶ Identification of disease trends & patterns
❷ Identification of changes in Agent, Host & Environmental factors .
❸ Detection of changes in disease occurrence & distribution .
❹ Detection of changes in health care practice .
❺ Help planning & evaluation of prevention & control programs.
❻ Generation of hypotheses & stimulating public health research.
Types of Surveillance
- According to reporting sources
- According to method of data collection
Types of Surveillance
- According to reporting source
- Routine surveillance
- Sentinel surveillance
Characters of Routine surveillance
❶ A national population-based surveillance .
❷ Collect data on all identified cases by all possible sources.
❸ Reporting sources complete data collection forms & sent it to the higher levels in a predetermined time & method of notification.
Characters of Sentinel surveillance
❶ Used when high quality data are needed
about a particular disease
❷ It depends on selecting reporting units to identify & notify the disease (e.g. large general or infectious disease hospitals)
Characters of hospitals in Sentinel surveillance
- Serve a relatively large population that has easy access to it.
- Has specialized staff to diagnose & treat cases of disease under surveillance
- Has high quality diagnostic lab .
Types of Surveillance
- According to method of data collection
Routine & sentinel surveillance may be Passive & Active
Which survaillence method is more common?
Passive
Passive survaillence
- Role of Health authorities
- rely on health care providers or labs to report cases of disease .
Passive survaillence
- Adv
- Efficient
- Simple
- Requires relatively few resources
Passive survaillence
- Disadv
- possibility of incomplete data due to underreporting.
Active survaillence
- Role of Health authoroties
- contact health care providers or labs requesting information about possible cases.
Active survaillence
- Adv
- useful when it is important to identify all cases.
Active survaillence
- Disadv
- require more resources than passive surveillance.
factors considered in disease prioritization
❶ Public health importance of the disease: morbidity, mortality & potential to cause epidemic .
❷ Availability of effective & feasible preventive measures.
❸ Presence of international or regional targets of eradication, elimination or control.
Disease prioritization is a …… process
Dynamic
List of diseases under surveillance may change by the …..
advisory committee
List of communicable diseases under surveillance, according to the required time of notification is this determined by ……
Egyptian Ministry of Health & Population (MOHP)
When to Report Group A?
Reported immediately by phone or fax.
Diseases in Group A
-meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), tetanus bird flu, diphtheria, measles, rubella,
mumps, pertussis HIV (AIDS), rabies, acute food poisoning, cholera, malaria, plaque, Rift Valley fever,
Viral hemorrhagic fever, Dengue fever,
COVID-19, anthrax and Zika virus .
When to report Group B?
Reported weekly
Diseases in Group B
- viral hepatitis, tuberculosis (TB), seasonal flu, chicken pox, typhoid, brucellosis, bloody diarrhea leprosy, schistosomiasis and Leishmania.
Survaillence Procedures
- Reporting Sources
- hospitals
- Governmental and private health care centers.
Survaillence Procedures
- Reporting Form
- to indicate suspected cases of infectious diseases, and a laboratory form is attached to it.
Survaillence Procedures
- Reporting method
(Peripheral, directorate and central levels)
…
The physician evaluates infectious cases during the daily work to suspect cases according to the updated case definition
…
Then, he ……. about suspected cases
immediately informs the hospital’s surveillance officer
The surveillance officer ……
fills in the patient’s data on
the daily reporting form and the laboratory form
The officer responsible for the data entry at ……., ……….
- the hospital’s surveillance unit
- enters the suspected case’s data into the electronic program.
- The hospital director approves the forms on the …….. , and the forms are immediately sent to …….. in the catchment area of the hospital by fax / or manually.
- Laboratory samples withdrawn are attached and sent to the …….
- same day of the suspicion
- the Preventive Affairs of the health directorates
- central laboratories of the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) .
- The directorate’s surveillance officer reviews all forms and ensures that the data is completed and conformed to the electronic program
….
- The results of the samples are handed over to the …….
director of the hospital and the director of the Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance at the Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP)
The case data is updated and the laboratory results are entered on the electronic program.
…
Survaillence Procedures
- Survaillence form
Survaillence Procedures
- Data analysis
- The General Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance issues a monthly report on the disease that includes:
- the latest updates on the disease
- the international epidemiological situation
- the epidemiological situation in Egypt
What are survaillence procedures?
…
When to report group A,B Diseases in diff scenarios?
Def of Suspected Case
- Has symptoms & signs consistent with a particular disease .
- Used for reporting to public health authorities for further investigation .
Def of Probable Case
- With +ve supportive laboratory results consistent with the diagnosis .
- Yet do not meet criteria for laboratory confirmation
Def of Confirmed case
- Lab.: a case with +ve specified lab result, done in a reference lab.
Def of Epidemiologically-linked case
a case who had contact with ≥ 1 confirmed case or exposed to a point source of infection
Outbreak of COVID-19 in a nursing home
- Different types of cases
❶ Suspected: all residents of nursing home with fever & cough .
❷Probable: a suspect case with chest imaging showing findings suggestive of COVID-19 disease.
❸ Confirmed: a probable case plus detection of SARS CoV-2 antigen by RT-PCR
Outbreak of swine flu in a nursing home
- Different types of cases
❶ Suspected: all residents of nursing home with fever & cough .
❷ Probable: a suspect case with non-specific lab test positive for influenza A without subtyping of the virus as FA test or ELISA.
❸ Confirmed: a probable case plus detection of virus antigen (H1N1) by RT-PCR
Done
Done
