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Practical - Y3R7 (Community) > S4: Demography > Flashcards

S4: Demography Flashcards

1
Q

Def of Demography

A

Scientific study of human population, Including:

  • Population census
  • Population pyramid
  • Overpopulation problem
  • Fertility indices
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2
Q

Def of Population census

A
  • Enumeration of all persons in the country at specified time to collect demographic and socioeconomic data.
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3
Q

How Often is Population census done?

A

Every 10 years

at Time of minimal movement & done in winter not in summer

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4
Q

Value of Population census

A

❶ Full description of population.

❷ Data for:
Statistical indices.
Community programs (including health services)

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5
Q

Types of Population census

A

De Facto & De Jure

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6
Q

Method of counting people in DeFacto enumeration

A
  • In the locality during census time
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7
Q

Characters of DeFacto enumeration

A
  • Simple & economic
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8
Q

Where is DeFacto enumeration Adopted?

A

Egypt & England

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9
Q

Method of counting in DeJure enumeration

A

According to actual residence

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10
Q

Characters of DeJure enumeration

A

More difficult, time consuming & expensive

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11
Q

Where is DeJure enumeration adopted?

A

USA

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12
Q

Methods of data collection in census

A

❶ Questionnaire filled by head of the family .

❷ Enumerators visit families collect data.
(Adopted in Egypt)

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13
Q

History of census in Egypt

A
  • 1st: 1882 (total population was 6.7 million).
  • Last: the 14th 2017 total population was 94.8 million.
  • The central Agency for Public Mobilization &Statistics (CAPMAS) is responsible for census taking in Egypt.
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14
Q

Presentation of number of populations

A

1- Census population. The number of populations during census year.

2- Estimated population. The number is estimated at dates other than census years.

3- Mid-year population (Census or estimated): i.e. number of population at the middle of a given year (first of July).

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15
Q

Census population

A

The number of populations during census year

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16
Q

Estimated population

A

The number is estimated at dates other than census years.

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17
Q

Mid-year population

A

(census or estimated): i.e. number of population at the middle of a given year (first of July).

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18
Q

Methods of estimation of population

A
  • Natural increase method
  • Arithmetic method
  • Geometric method
  • Graph method
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19
Q

Methods of estimation of population

  • Natural increase method
A
  • (Births –deaths) every year is added to last census
    population.
  • It is rough method &suitable for countries with no or limited migration.
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20
Q

Methods of estimation of population

  • Arithmetic Mean
A
  • It assumes that there is constant annual increase in population

e.g.,

  • if we want to calculate the population in 2018, already we know the census of 2007 is 200,000 individuals, and the census of 2017 was 250,000 so the average
  • increase every year (mean annual increase) = (250,000-200,000)/10 years=5000 person /year.
  • The estimated population in 2018 =250,000+5000
  • The estimated population in 2019 =250,000+10,000 and so on
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21
Q

Methods of estimation of population

  • Geometric Method
A
  • Most accurate, use last census and annual rate of population growth (calculated using special formula).
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22
Q

Methods of estimation of population

  • Graph Method
A
  • Plotting the successive census populations on a graph & joined by a straight line that can be extended over future years.
  • It can be used to find out the inter-census population at a given year& expected population of future years (assuming that population growth rate will not change).
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23
Q

Def of Population pyramid

A

A graphical presentation of the age & sex composition of a population of an area or country at a point in time.

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24
Q

What affects the shape of Population pyramid?

A

births, deaths, migration

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25
Q

Describe Population pyramid

A
  • It is Back-to-back histograms (age is a continuous variable), one showing numbers of males, the other shows the numbers of females.
  • The bars: represent age bands of 5 year-interval
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26
Q

Structure of Population pyramid

A

Revise Notes

27
Q

Bases for Comparison inside the pyramid

A
  1. Variation across age groups
  2. Variations within each age group by sex
28
Q

From the shape of the pyramid

  • Sex Ratio
A

Percentage of males and females

29
Q

From the shape of the pyramid

  • Age Structure
A
  • Base denotes births (broad or narrow base)
  • Apex denotes elderly
30
Q

From the shape of the pyramid

  • Mortality & Emigration
A

Shape of sides (sloping or steep).

31
Q

From the shape of the pyramid

  • Life expectancy: (the average number of years an individual of given age is going to live)
A

Height of the pyramid and shape of the apex.

32
Q

From the shape of the pyramid

  • Dependency Ratio
A
  • The Dependency Ratio describes the relation between the dependent portions at the extremes of age and the potentially self-supporting portion of the population.
33
Q

Types of Dependency Ratio

A
  • Young
  • Old
  • Total
34
Q

Young dependency

A
  • Area below the horizontal line passing through 15years of age
35
Q

Old dependency

A

Area above the horizontal line passing through 60 years of age

36
Q

Total dependency

A
  • Presented by the surface area below the horizontal line passing through 15 years of age and that above the horizontal line passing through 60 years of
    age
37
Q

Dependency ratio = ??

A
38
Q

Compare between population pyramids for developed& developing countries in terms of:

  • Base
  • Sides
  • Height
  • Apex
A
39
Q

Factors affecting Population growth

A
  • Natural increase of population= live births –deaths (basic factor)
  • Migration= immigration- emigration (minor factor)

Population growth= (birth-deaths) + (immigration-emigration)

40
Q

Rate of Natural Growth =

A
41
Q

Def of Fertility

A
  • It is the ability to conceive &having children through normal sexual activity.
  • Fertility behavior of any community is determined by prevailing fertility motives.
42
Q

High fertility motives

A
  • High infant and child mortality.
  • Economic motive: children are employed to support family income
  • Traditional beliefs; Sons and family name, happy marriage, big families.
  • Religious beliefs
  • Husbands: fertility means vitality& manliness.
  • Wife: many children prevent divorce.
  • People dislike contraception: fear of side effects, it interfere with sex
43
Q

Low fertility motives

A
  • Preserving health of mother & children.
  • Better lifestyle, standard of living & family welfare.
  • Avoiding overpopulation.
  • Support community development.
44
Q

Causes of Overpopulation

A

High rate of natural increase due to

1- high birth rate with high fertility motives
2- progressive declining of death rate

45
Q

Hazards of Overpopulation

A
  • Individual Level
  • Family Level
  • National Level
46
Q

Hazards of Overpopulation

  • Individual Level
A

1- Infant and young children: high morbidity and mortality

2- Mothers: high morbidity and mortality due to repeated unspaced pregnancies

3- Fathers: financial problems.

47
Q

Hazards of Overpopulation

  • Family Level
A

Big family& low per capita income lead to

1- Poor housing
2- Poor nutrition
3- Child labor
4- Neglect care and culture of children
5- Deficient medical care

48
Q

Causes of Hazards of Overpopulation at national Level

A

1- Increases the gap between resources and population growth,

2- High proportion of dependent non-productive ages.

49
Q

Hazards of Overpopulation at national Level

A

1- Housing; increase crowding index& slum areas,
2- Food supply; increase import & prices,
3- School education; crowding.
4- Public services; inconvenient
5- Employment; no work opportunities

50
Q

Management of Overpopulation problem

A

Short & Long Term

51
Q

Management of Overpopulation problem

  • Short term
A

Family planning program

52
Q

Management of Overpopulation problem

  • Long Term
A

improve the following:

  1. Child survival through lowering infant& child mortality
  2. Standard of Living: family is not in need of employing children for economic support
  3. Education& culture
53
Q

Examples of Fertility indices (birth statistics)

A
  • CBR
  • GFR
  • Fecundity Rate
  • Age Specific Fertility Rate
54
Q

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

A
55
Q

what is the simplest indicator of fertility?

A

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

56
Q

Birth rate of Egypt is declined recently to ….. (2021), The rate of developed countries is around ……

A
  • 24.47‰
  • 13-15‰
57
Q

CBR is generally high in developing countries (including Egypt) due to ….

A
  • High fertility motives
  • Young age of marriage of girls.
58
Q

Significance of CBR

A
59
Q

General Fertility Rate (GFR) =

A
60
Q

Accuracy of General Fertility Rate (GFR)

A

It is more accurate than Crude Birth Rate (using female in the childbearing period rather than total population)

61
Q

Fecundity Rate =

A
62
Q

Age Specific Fertility Rate =

A
63
Q

What is the most accurate fertility index?

A

Age Specific Fertility Rate

64
Q

Doneeee

A

Done

Practical - Y3R7 (Community) (7 decks)

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