S4: in What Ways Were Religious Groups a Problem After 1563? Flashcards
Puritans: What would make Puritans a problem?
-Impacting government business.
-Impacting what E can do with religion
-Setting up support networks in local areas.
-In a position of influence (clergy or government).
-Undermining Elizabeth’s orders, which could lead to rebellion.
Puritans: Give some evidence that the Puritans were a problem in the clergy?
-There were some that sought changes, primarily the issue of vestements in 1566. 37 of the 110 were removed from office when they refused to comply.
-Edmund Grindal became AoC after Parker’s death. He refused to stamp down on prophesyings & to reduce the number of preachers to 3/4 per shire.
-When Grindal canvassed bishops, only 1 of the 15 argeed with Liz on the issue of prophesyings, and he therefore wrote to her, saying she had less authority over God than him.
-Liz had to place Grindal under house arrest for 5 years to limit him.
-John Whitgift’s (made AoC in 1583) High Commission resulted in the removal of 300-400 ministers, determining that they were not properly allied to E.
Puritans: Give some evidence that the Puritans were not a problem?
-There were some less extreme clergy. Parker was far more moderate, and was very loyal to Liz.
-Grindal’s death in 1583 made way for Whitgift who was, again, very loyal. He cracked down on the issue of Puritans, and impolsed the Three Articles in 1583, setting up a High Commission to assess the clergy’s loyalty.
-Richard Cox (Bishop of Ely), was a conformist Puritan, who aimed to reform the system from within, suggesting that not all Puritans were a direct problem.
Puritans: Give some evidence that they were a problem within government.
-Dudley & Earl of Warwick were patrons of Puritan preachers.
-Burghley stated that Liz didn’t have sufficient evidence to remove Grindal from his office (resulting in the house arrest).
-Suggestions of a ‘Puritan Choir’ within Liz’s council that called for reform.
Puritans: Give evidence that they weren’t a problem in government.
-Both Dudley & Warwick died by the 1580s, so they were no longer a problem.
-When Strickland, in 1571, introduced a bill to remove Catholic elements from the BCP, he was prevented from attending Commons.
-Peter Wentworth continually critiqued Liz’s reform, and was later sent to the Tower of London.
Puritans: Give evidence that they were a problem in the local communities.
-Puritan ideas were very accessible, with the 1560 Geneva Bible & many Oxford grads began to follow it. They would meet at prophesyings and perform 2/3 sermons.
-Thomas Cartwright, a lecturer at Cambridge. In Spring 1570, he called for the abolition of titles & offices of bishops. He believed ministers should be elected by their congregation.
-John Field tried to organise a Presbytarian church system, didn’t want to wear vestements. He also set up a London Group that was in touch internationally.
-There was an increase in illegal presses in second half of her reign.
-Robert Browne set up separatist church in Norwich in 1582, then went into exile. Elias Thacker & JOhn Copping were hanged for distributing his written work in 1583.
-Henry Barrow & John Greenwood were executed as separatists leaders in 1593.
-1593 Act against Seditious Sectaries.
Puritans: Give evidence they weren’t a problem in local communities.
-Cartwright’s extremism did lose him his job & he soon fled to Geneva, shows that there was little place for it in England.
-Field did compromise, saying he would follow the articles & Prayer books. In 1572, he was forbiddne from preaching & the manifesto he published later in that year earned him a year in prison.
-Restriction of printing presses & fines for skipping church under Whitgift means they had to practice in secret.
-Browne was imprisoned & forced to flee to the Netherlands, returning in 1584 & joining the CofE.
Northern Rebellion: Who led the Northern Rebellion? When was it? In what ways were they a problem?
-Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Northumberland, Earl of Westmorland, & De Spes (Spanish Ambassador).
-9th Nov-19th Dec 1569.
-They were key nobles with connections to court, and even had international connections (De Spes).
-Their aims also made them somewhat threatening, hoping to secure MQS’ succession (as well as marrying her to Norfolk). However, they had no plans to murder Elizabeth, and merely hoped to secure the restoration of Catholicism.
-Also, Norfolk’s anger seems directed more at Cecil than Elizabeth.
-Norfolk had reconverted to Catholicism in 1567, so there was also a clear connection to the Papacy.
Northern Rebellion: What evidence is there that the NR was a problem?
-The Earl of Sussex massively struggled to raise an army to stand against the rebels.
-They gathered quite a bit of support, with an army of 3800 footmen and 1600 horsemen by the 22nd Nov, suggesting there was mass support for rebellion in the North.
-They gathered a lot of territory, controlling all territory east of the Pennines, and travelling as far south as Bramham Moor.
-While Northumberland was executed, Westmorland escaped abroad, so there was the possibility of future rebellion.
-They were very publicly opposing Elizabeth’s religious policy, tearing down Protestant images and celebrating Mass in Durham Cathedral on 14th November.
Northern Rebellion: What evidence is there that it wasn’t a problem?
-The Rebels were easily put down, and began retreating as soon as Sussex had an army, with the Earls fleeing across the Scottish border.
-The aims of the movement weren’t especially problematic (especially compared to later plots), and had no intention to kill Liz.
-While they had connections to Spain, the actual support never materialised.
-The leaders of the rebellion were fairly fickle in their support. Norfolk, who had coordinated much of the plan, quickly gave himself up as soon as Elizabeth caught wind of the marriage plot.
-Rebels were put down fairly easily, and Liz ordered the execution of 700 rebels (though realistically only 450 died).
Catholics: How had Catholics already been a problem?
-Northern Rebellion, among other plots (ie Ridolfi/Throckers).
-Passing the Acts of Supremacy/Uniformity - Catholic Lords refused to accept Elizabeth’s religious settlement.
-400 clergy resigning.
-Pope wanted to excommunicate Elizabeth but Philip’s marriage proposal delayed it.
-1563- French Civil War.
-Philip had been worried about Liz supporting Protestants in the Netherlands, resulting in trade embargo.
Catholics: Who were the Catholics in England by Elizabeth’s reign?
-Pope.
-Ordinary People/Catholics (ie Church Papists).
-Recusants (those that refuse to go to church services).
-Semiary Priests
-Jesuits
-Other Catholic countries.
Catholics: Outline some events that increased the Catholic threat from 1568-1578.
-1568: MQS arrived in England + William Allen founded Seminary training college in Douai.
-1569: Northern Rebellion. Rebellion breaks out in Munster when James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald proposed asking for Spanish support against England.
-1570: Papal Bull, and Ridolfi a year later.
-1572: St Barts Day Massacre.
-1574: Seminary Priests first arrive from Douai.
-1578: Pope Gregory XIII backs Sir Thomas Stukeley’s expedition to aid Munster rebellion.
Catholics: Outline some events that increased the Catholic threat from 1578-1594.
-1580: Parsons, Campion, Emerson, and all Jesuits arrive in England. Parsons and Campion spearhead a mission to Catholic families.
-1583: Throckmorton.
-1584: William of Orange was assassinated by a Catholic extremist.
-1585: England pledges assisstance to Dutch Protestant rebels.
-1586: Babington + Philip begins to plan an invasion of England.
-1587: MQS executed.
-1588: Spanish Armada.
-1594: Parsons published a document supporting the claim of Spanish Infanta to the English throne. Pope appoints George Blackwell as Archpriest. He is ordered to consult with Jesuits -> Archpriest controversy ensues.
Catholics: In what ways were the Catholics in England a problem?
-Recusants made up 1/3 of the peerage, and in 1582, there were 1939 known recusants in Lancashire.
-Catholics had been involved in severe plots (ie Babington & Throckmorton). Babs was a recusant, and he worked with John Ballard, a Jesuit. Duke of Norfolk was a Church Papist.
-William Allen tried to cause uprisings in Ireland, and even met with the Pope, over the possibility of invasion.
-Generally, they threatened Elizabeth’s settlement, giving Catholic mass etc.
-William Allen met with the Pope in 1576, discussing the possibility of invasion.
-In 1579, Nicholas Sander was encouraged to stir up trouble in Ireland.
Catholics: In what ways were they not an issue.
-Seminary Priests had litle impact, as they were mainly in the South East, where Catholicism had little support. There was a small number of them only about 438, 98 of whom were put to death.
-The arrival of Catholic missionaries was also quite late - with the Seminary Priests arriving in 1574, and the Jesuits in 1580.
-Liz doesn’t enforce harsh laws, with Recusants only being fined - many of which went unpaid.
-Many Catholics, particularly Church Papsits, cared more about loyalty to Elizabeth than to Catholicism. This included most of the 8000 lesser clergy.
-Archpriest Controversy demonstrated the divisions between Catholic groups (Jesuits vs Seminaries).
Catholics: What evidence is there that the Pope threatened Elizabeth’s security? What did Elizabeth respond with?
-March 1569, he asked the Duke of Alva for a joint invasion of England by France & Spain.
-1570, he ordered Elizabeth’s excommunication - essentially instructing Catholics to depose her. Nicholas Morton had been sent by the Pope to gauge support for her excommunication.
-In 1570, John Felton was executed for displaying the Papal Bull.
-This leads to Elizabeth passing the 1571 Treason Act.
Catholics: What evidence is there that Recusants were a problem?
-They refused to accept Elizabeth’s religious settlement. A few parishes refused to accept the oath of supremacy.
-1560s, many clergy gave mass with catholic elements, like using Latin instead of English.
-Across her reign, Elizabeth had to increase the severity of the punishment for recusants. In 1581, fines were increased to £20. In 1587, recusants who defaulted on payment of fines were eligible for up to 2/3 of their estate to be seized by the Exchequer. In 1593, Commons passed legislation conging Catholics to a radius of 5 miles from their homes, to stop recusants moving around & avoiding fines.
Catholics: What evidence is there that Seminary Priests were a problem?
-Allen had been continually involved in discussions over invasions with the Pope.
-Parsons and Allen both urged English Catholics to turn against Elizabeth.
-By 1580, 100+ seminary priests had arrived in England, and between 1580-5, 179 came.
-1577, missionary priest Cuthbert Mayne was executed for bringing a Papal Bull into the country, and in 1578, 2 more priests were executed for denying Royal Supremacy.
-However, most were confined to London, Essex, and Thames Valley where Protestantism had a strong hold.
Catholics: What evidence is there that the Jesuits were a problem?
-Throckmorton plot had been orchestrated by Jesuit, Francis Throckmorton. This included plans of a French-led invasion
-Jesuits had to be dealt with harshly - Campion was hanged, drawn, and quartered in 1581.
-Like the SP, Elizabeth had to get harsher in her dealings with them. By 1585, being a Catholic priest in England for >40 days could warrant execution. Between 1585-1603, 123 were executed under this Act.
Other Nations: Give some events in Ireland, 1562-81.
-1562: O’Neill rebellion in Ulster. Earl of Sussex was unable to crush the rebellion.
-1565: Sir Henry Sidney was sent to quash O’Neill’s rebellion after Sussex’s failure to do so. He was able to crush the rebellion, and O’Neill was murdered. Sidney was replaced in 1567.
-1569: Sidney was recalled to Ireland to put down the Fitzgerald rebellion in Munster. Elizabeth became worried after they appealed for aid from foreign powers. While the rebellion was put down, but the foreign support stirred unrest in Munster.
-1579: James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald leads a rebellion, back by the Pope. Nicholas Sander is also sent in to stir up trouble, with a force of 80 men, backed up by the 1,000 sent by Philip.
-This was put down by 1581, after Lord Arthut Greay had been sent with an army of 6500 in 1580.
Other Nations: Give some events in Ireland, 1581-1603.
-1594: Earl of Tyrone starts to build up his forces, and harry English army in Ulster.
-1595: Tyrone seizes English fort on Blackwater.
-1599: Essex is sent to Ireland as deputy with an army of 17,000 men. He fails.
-1601: Tyrone is defeated.
-1603: Tyrone surrenders and his rebellion fails.
Other Nations: Detail some events in France, 1562-79.
-1562: Violence breaks out between the Catholics and the Huguenots in France. The French wars of Religion continue on & off for the following 30 years. She sent support to Huguenots, but was forced out a Le Havre in 1563.
-1570-1: Marriage negotiations between Elizabeth, and Henry of Anjou, Charles IX’s younger brother.
-1572: Treaty of Blois, mutual defence treaty. St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Marriage negotiations with Alencon begin.
-1579: Esme Stuart, and agent of the Guise family, battles for control of King James VI. Stuart was returned to France in 1581.
Other Nations: Detail some events in France, 1583-98.
-1583: Throckmorton, includes French-led invasion.
-1584: Alencon dies. Henry of Navarre, Protestant, becomes Henry III’s heir. Henry, Duke of Guise, forms the Catholic League.
-1589: Henry III is assassinated. Henry of Navarre’s succession leads to the renewal of Civil War. Elizabeth sends a small army under the command of Willoughby.
-1590: Henry IV of France defeats the Catholic League, and advances of Paris.
-1593: Henry IV converts to Catholicism and makes peace with the Catholic League. He then makes peace with Spain in 1598.
