S3.C14: social impact of religious change under ed Flashcards
Policy: How did Somerset influence economic & social policy?
-Vagrancy Act, 1547, was introduced. This declared that able bodied people who had been out of work for more than 3 days would be branded & sold as slaves.
-June 1548, proclamations were enforced for all statutes against enclosure.
-Somerset passed an Act protecting copy holders on his estates.
-In March 1549, a 5% tax on personal property & a special tax on sheep were enforced.
-Scottish war led to him funding campaigns costing £580,393 between 1547-9. Debasement persisted, and he attempted to reform government finance, raising £1.2m from 1551.
Domestic Policy: How did Northumberland influence economic & social policy?§
-Didn’t continue Somerset’s anti-enclosure measures, commissioners were withdrawn & the sheep tax repealed in 1550. Vagrancy Act was also repealed.
-By 1551, Northumberland’s government had taken action to control stocks of grain to relieve the crisis caused by harvest failure.
-Introduced new Treason laws in 1550, and used Lord Lieutenants to keep order.
-Appointed William Paulet as Lord Treasurer in Feb 1550.
-The value of the coinage was reduced in 1550, and debasement ended in Apr 1551.
-Boulogne was returned to France for £133,333 & garrisons in Scotland were withdrawn.
-In 1550, debts were £300,000, in 1553, they were £180,000. This was done through the sale of crown/chantry lands, Parliamentary taxes, and debasement.
Religion: Provide some evidence about Edward’s own religious beliefs.
-He had been educated by Protestant humanists, John Cheke and Richard Coxe.
-Of his 22 Royal preachers, 20 were reforming bishops/evangelical preachers.
-In April 1550, Spanish Ambassador reported that everyone around the King were advanced Protestants, and the King delighted in supporting their beliefs, like Cranmer, Parr, William Cecil.
-Leading reformers, like Martin Bucer, viewed him with high regard, describing him as godly “to a marvel.”
-He had been behind the persecution of his sister Mary.
Religion: What did the Repeal of the Act of Six Articles do? Who influenced?
-Repealed the Catholic-leaning piece of legislation that had been passed by Henry in 1539. This left the church with a vacuum and no official doctrine to follow.
-Somerset was leading the council at this point, and was the main orchestrator behind this.
Religion: What did the First Book of Common Prayer do? Who influenced?
-This set out the doctrine under Edward. It outline the liturgy to be followed in services. These were now in English, taking communion in both kinds, no prayers for the dead, but transub, holy days, and saint were still allowed. This was made law under the First Act of Uniformity.
-Again, it was produced under Somerset, but his influence was somewhat subdued as a result of the growing threat of Charles.
-Thomas Cranmer was responsible for drafting this book.
Religion: What did the Book of Homilies do? Who influenced?
-Contained Protestant sermons that would be read out by the clergy. They would be placed in every church. Released in 1547.
-Produced by Cranmer, and included reference to justification by faith alone. Cranmer had also been influenced by European reformers, and by Hooper.
Religion: What did the Second Act of Uniformity do? Who influenced?
-Made the Second Book of Common Prayer law. It banned transubstantiation, and replaced altars with communion tables.
-Edward did play a role in the development of this book, he was involved in getting it passed through Parliament. Northumberland, as Lord President, was also relevant. Cranmer had drafted it.
Religion: What did the 42 Articles do? Who influenced it?
-These were strongly Protestant, including justification by faith alone, and the Lutheran beliefs in predestination. They were issued by gov in 1553, but never became law.
-Cranmer had drafted it, and Northumberland, as regent, must’ve approved it.
Religion: What evidence is there of prominent European reformers in England?
-Martin Bucer arrived in March 1549 and was made Regius Professor of Divinity at Camb. Peter Martyr, arriving in December 1547, was Regius Prof of Divinity at Oxford.
-Bernard Ochino arrived with Martyr and was appointed to a prebend at Canterbury.
Religion: Was transubstantiation still around by 1553?
-While it had been maintained in the First Book of Common Prayer (1548), the Second Book (1552) replaced it.
-It was instead named the ‘Lords Supper’, and became a purely spiritual ceremony. This was in line with Calvinist beliefs.
Religion: Was communion still in one kind by 1553? Where the 7 Sacraments still in place by 1553?
-Under the FBCP, communion was to be taken in both kinds.
-Going into, there were 4 sacraments, and 3 of lesser importance.
-The sacraments were retained under the FBCP.
-The removal of the Eucharist in 1552 knocked on to sacraments.
Religion: Was clerical celibacy still around by 1553? Bible in Latin?
-Clerical marriage had been permitted under the 1548 FBCP.
-In November 1549, all laws against clerical marriage had been removed.
-1547 Royal injunction instructed every parish to have an English Bible, and Protestant literature.
Religion: Was worshipping images and saints still around in 1553?
-Superstitions images were instructed to be removed under the 1547 Royal Injunctions.
-The worship of saints had been discouraged, but not banned under the FBCP. This was also slightly undermined by the fact that fast & holy days remained.
-1549, Proclamation issued that ordered the destruction of any remaining images.
Religion: Were Chantries still around by 1553? Prayers for the dead?
-Chantries Act 1547, had been introduced by Henry, but only passed under Edward. The 1547 Act also contained a preamble condeming prayers for the dead.
-SBCP removed Prayers for the Dead officially.
Religion: Were services still in Latin by 1553? Priestly Vestements? Altars?
-Clergy were instructed to preach in Latin under the 1547 Royal Injunctions. In 1552, it became an offence for clergy & laity to not attend CofE services.
-Vestments were removed under the 1552 SBCP.
-Communion Tables were changed from stone to wood in 1550, and then wholly replaced by communion tables under the SBCP.
Religion: What were some KEY religious changes/legislation under Somerset?
-Jul ‘47, Book of Homilies and Paraphases.
-Dec ‘47, Chantries Act.
-Dec ‘47, Act of Six Articles.
-Dec ‘47, Treason Act repealed.
-Mar ‘48, Proclamations issued to dampen Protestant unrest.
-Apr ‘48, Proclamation stating only authorised clergy could preach.
-Sep ‘48, Proclamation stating no preaching until new liturgy was introduced.
-Dec ‘48, FBCP.
-Jan ‘49, Act of Uniformity.
Religion: What were some KEY religious changes/legislation under Northumberland?
-Nov ‘49, All ecclesiastical courts were in the King’s name.
-Jan ‘50, New reformed Ordinal (ceremony to be followed when the clergy were ordained).
-Nov ‘50, Wooden altars.
-Jan ‘52, New Treason Act.
-Jan ‘52, SBCP.
-Apr ‘52, Second Act of Uniformity.
Rebellion: What evidence is there that the Western Rebellion was motivated by religion?
-Article 2 asked for the Six Articles to be reinstated.
-Article 3 asked for mass in Latin.
-Of the 10 Articles, virtually all of them were regarding religion.
Rebellion: What evidence is there that the Western Rebellion was motivated by the role/competence of Priests?
-Article 3 was about mass in Latin & conduct of this.
-Article 9 was critiquing Priests who didn’t show up for sermons.
Rebellion: What evidence is there that the Kett’s Rebellion was motivated by Rent?
-5 of the 11 articles were about rent grievances.
-Article 6 asked marsh held by the King be free, and Article 2 discussed rents charged by lords of the manor.§
Rebellion: What evidence is there that the Kett’s Rebellion was motivated by role/competence of Priests?
-Article 4 asked for Priests should not be able to purchase “no lands neither for bondage.”
-Article 8 complained about absenteesim.
Rebellion: What evidence is there that the Kett’s Rebellion was motivated by enclosure? Agrarian issues?
-Article 1, asked for the end of enclosurement.
-Article 5, asked for the fixed price of grassland and meadow ground.
-Article 7, asked for Bushels “within your realm to be of one size.”
