s3 c.17 early aims Flashcards
Problems: What were her initial problems?
-Religion. Elizabeth, as a protestant, faced a big scheme of policy in need of reform. Also, divisions across the whole country needed to be repaired.
-Restore royal finances.
-Getting people on side & proving she is legitimate.
-Still at war w/ France, she needs to resolve this.
-Securing protestant succession.
-Selecting her government.
Problems: What are her initial aims?
-Consolidate her position.
-Settle religious issues.
-Pursue a peace settlement with France.
Legitimacy: What issues did Elizabeth face in terms of her legitimacy?
-There had been many changes to the succession under Henry. In 1534, Elizabeth became the legitimate successor, but by 1536, the succession act had been repealed and she was illegitimate.
-BY 1544, the 1536 Act had been repealed and the 1534 Act had been reinstated.
-Elizabeth was later questioned in line with Thomas Seymour’s plot to abduct Edward.
-Mary imprisoned Elizabeth in the Tower after Wyatt’s Rebellion, suggests that Mary’s councillors would not like her, and might view her as an attempted usurper.
Legitimacy: Had Liz been recognised as Mary’s successor? Did Parliament accept Liz? How did Councillors?
-She had been formally recognised by Mary, and Philip had signified his recognition of Elizabeth’s rights a month before Mary’s death.
-On the 17th November, Nicholas Heath, Mary’s Lord Chancellor and Archbishop of York, announced Mary’s death to Parliament and proclaimed Liz’s succession. Legally, he had no right to do this, and Parliament should’ve been dissolved, but the political elite collectively assented.
-9 councillors also rode to Hatfield House to assure Liz of their own loyalty.
Legitimacy: Did Liz chose councillors straight away? How did she quickly assert her own power? Did she have international support?
-No, she instead wanted to keep Mary’s councillors guessing about their positions, and her intentions.
-However, Cecil was quickly appointed as principal secretary, and she did make some household appointments.
-She showed she knew the customs, by emerging from the Tower to show herself, and to benefit from London pageants, organised for her.
-She was quickly coronated, on the 15th January.
-The Spanish Ambassador had already visited Liz a few days before Mary’s death, and even tried to arrange a marriage with Philip.
Foreign Policy: What did the Treaty of Cateau Cambresis agree?
-Signed in 1554.
-Brought an end to the Habsburg-Valois War.
-Agreed that Calais would be held by France for eight years, and after eight years England would either get it back, or be given monetary compensation.
Foreign Policy: What was the problem in France?
-MQS -> Francis (who had replaced Henry II in 1559) was essentially a pawn for the Guises.
-Threats of a Franco-Spanish alliance after Cateau-Cambresis had been signed.
-French religious civil wars in 1562, and Liz was put under pressure by Dudley to aid the French Huguenots. Their defeat would mean the Guises leading a united France.
Foreign Policy: What did Liz do in France? Was it successful?
-Elizabeth does send aid to the Huguenots, and promised their leader 6000 men and a loan of £30,000, as well as the control of the port of Le Havre as security.
-However, the Huguenots were defeated in 1562, and made peace with the Catholics, helping them drive out the English forces in 1563.
-The Treaty of Troyes, 1564, confirmed French control of Calais.
-Ultimately, not dealt with effecively.
Foreign Policy: What was the problem in Scotland?
-MQS had a claim to the English throne, and went as far as using the English coat of arms.
-Lords of the Congregation (Protestant Scottish Nobles), who disliked the monarchy, and the increasing French influence in Scotland
-This put Liz in a tricky position, as she could support the rebels, to secure a protestant Scottish ally, but doesn’t want to openly support a rebel group. Also, she disliked the Lords’ religious mentor, John Knox, who openly criticised female monarchs.
Foreign Policy: What did Liz do in Scotland?
-She secretly gave some aid to the Protestant rebels, supplying troops, and sent an army in 1560 to help with the Siege of Leith, after being persuaded to do so by Cecil.
-The Treaty of Edinburgh was then signed in 1560. This agreed the withdrawal of troops, as well as stating that MQS would not use the English coat of arms.
Foreign Policy: Was Scottish policy successful?
-Fairly, she solved the problem at hand and French troops were withdrawn.
-However, it did not directly address the threat of MQS, and Mary Guise refused to even ratify the treaty.
-Also, Cecil was wholly responsible for this treaty, to the extent that Liz’s changes (regarding the return of Calais) could not be made because Cecil had already signed it.
Foreign Policy: What was the problem with Spain?
-Philip tried to crush heresy in the Netherlands, which led to refugees seeking exile in England.
-Religious divide between the 2 lead to the 1563 banning of the import of English cloth in the Netherlands.
-Also, Charles was putting himself forward as a marriage candidate, and was concerned about England’s religious situation.
Foreign Policy: How did Liz deal with Spain?
-Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559 secured the end of the Habsburg-Valois War.
-In 1563, Cardinal Granvelle reported that Liz had sponsored Protestant rebels in the Netherlands, and banned all English imports of cloth.
-Liz then stopped all imports from the Netherlands in retaliation. However, the economic fallout meant that this only lasted 12 months, and trade was quickly resumed.
-Calvinist riots soon broke out, but in 1567, Philip declared that he intended to crush heresy across the realm. He sent an army, led by the Duke of Alva to crush the rebels.
Foreign Policy: Was Spain/Netherlands successful?
-The arrival of the Duke of Alva, meant that many Protestants fled to England, despite Elizabeth’s condemnation of the rebel groups.
-Overall, not particularly successful, as the restriction of trade had an impact of the English cloth market, and worsened Elizabeth’s relations with Spain.
-Further unsuccessful as these events fundamentally changed Elizabeth’s relationship with Spain, and altered her views on Philip II, removing him as a potential marriage candidate.
Foreign Policy: What happened with the Papacy? How was it resolved? Was it successful?
-Elizabeth was at threat of excommunication, and he could also call for a Catholic crusade against Elizabeth’s protestant England.
-Elizabeth was able to avoid this harsh treatment, but it was a product of Philip’s persuasion, not Elizabeth’s own relations.
-Therefore, while it is successful, is this Liz’s success, or Philip’s?
Religion: What did Elizabeth issue, to reform the Marian church?
-The Act of Uniformity (1559)
-The Act of Supremacy (1559)
-Royal Injunctions (1559)
Religion: What did the Act of Supremacy do?
-Papal Supremacy was rejected, and Elizabeth became ‘Supreme Governor’ of the Church of England (having faced backlash over calling a woman ‘head’ of the church).
-Heresy laws were repealed.
-Clergy and royal officials swear an oath accepting Elizabeth’s title.
Religion: What did the Act of Uniformity do?
-Specified the use of a single Book of Common Prayer, that was a modified version of the 1552 Book. However, insulting remarks about the Pope were removed.
-Services on Sundays, as well as Holy Days had to be attended, or they would be fined 1 shilling.
-Vestements were reverted to what they had been before the 1549 Act.
-‘Black Rubric’ is omitted, meaning kneeling for communion was allowed.
-Priests are to say both wordings when giving bread, compromising on the issue of transubstantiation.
-Many aspects worded as “during the second year of the reign of Edward VI,” so before the 1549 Act - this upset many of Elizabeth’s clergy.
Religion: What did the Royal Injunctions do?
-Clerical marriage is allowed, and even encouraged. Though, had to be approved by their bishop & 2 JPs.
-Most pastors could not preach of their own accord, they had to follow the service set out by books. There was a legal minimum of 15 sermons preached a year.
-Each parish had to obtain a copy of the Bible in English & Erasmus’ “Paraphrases of the Gospels” (keeping it somewhat Catholic).
-Priests were to wear white linen gown & surplice (which was fairly Catholic).
-Pilgrimages were banned, undermining ideas about purgatory, & prayers for the dead.
-Injunctions didn’t ban images, though many were destroyed during visitations.
-Liz insisted on having a crucifix in her own Chapel.
-Clergy were to teach & observe royal supremacy, and 400 clergy resigned or were deprived from their positions, from 1559-64.
Religion: What was the Vestarian Controversy?
-Jan 1565, Queen writes to Parker instructing him to use his authority to ensure the 1559 settlement was upheld.
-Liz was particularly concerned about the widespread flouting of rules regarding vestements, and bishops often turned a blindeye.
-Parker, in the 1566 Advertisements, made a clear statement of what was expected of the clergy in terms of doctrine, sacraments, prayer, and dress.
-Parker did, however, settle by only imposing that they wear the surplice in parish church services.
Religion: What did Parliament dislike about the religious settlement? What did they then do? How was this resolved?
-Opposed Elizabeth being calling Supreme Head, as the original bill termed her, and Catholics in the House of Lords didn’t like the Protestant forms of woship introduced in the bill.
-The Bill was blocked by the House of Lords (though it did pass through Commons).
-This meant it was ammended, and Liz termed Supreme Governor, & introducing some Catholic elements.
-This Bill was passed by 21 to 18, but it would not have passed had Liz not imprisoned 2 bishops, and had the Abbots of Westminster & Asaph been present.
Religion: How did the PC look? What did they do in the religious settlement? Were they happy?
-PC were overwhelmingly Protestant, and the strongest catholics had been omitted (ie Paget replaced by Cecil) and those 10 who remained from Mary’s council (like the Earl of Derby & of Shrewsbury) didn’t attend often.
-Anthony Cooke, and Nicholas Bacon had designed the first Bills of Supremacy & Uniformity. Cecil was also influential in ensuring the bills passed through Parliament, and was resposnible for the appointment of Marian exiles as Bishops.
-More extreme Protestants in the council (Duders/Walsingham) alo persuaded Elisabeth to support the French Huguenots in 1563.
Religion: What did the clergy dislike about the religious settlement?
-Many parish priests were not happy with the settlement, & 400 were either deprived from their positions, or left, between 1559-64.
-Parker was appointed as AoC, and had very few gripes (as a moderate protestant). Marian bishops oppose the establishment of Elizabeth’s supremacy.
Religion: How did the clergy oppose the religious settlement? Were they effective?
-Around 200 left because they refused to accepts the Acts. This is fiarly insiginificant, as there were around 8000-9000 parishes at the time.
-All but one of the Marian Bishops (except Anthony Kitchin of Llandaff) refused to take the oath & left, leaving Liz with no bishops.
-Liz resolved this by appointing many who had left as exiles during Mary’s reign as bishops.
