c.3 c16 marys religious and economic policies Flashcards
Religion: What reform was passed in 1553?
-Aug: Protestant clergy are deprived od their livings.
-Sep: Cranmer arrested, Latimer, Hooper, Ridley, etc were imprisoned.
-Autumn: Parliament passed an Act of Repeal, which undid the Edwardian Reformation, and reaffirmed the traditional doctrine of the Lord’s Supper. Essentially reverts the Church to what it was in 1547. They refused to repeal the Act of Supremacy, though.
-Dec: Mary gives up the title Supreme Head of the Church.
Religion: What reform was passed in 1554?
-Jan: Mass exodus of Protestants to Germany & Switzerland, estimated to be up to 800.
-Mar: Royal Injunctions issued, ordering bishops to suppress heresy, remove married clergy, restore Holy Days, and deprive married priests of their livings. (In Norwich, 243 priests lost their posts, and eventually 10-25% were deprived for having married.
-Mar: Protestant bishops of Gloucester, Hereford, Lincoln, and Rochester were depreived their sees, as well as the Archbishop of York.
-Apr: Parliament initially rejected the reintroduction of the heresy laws, but agreed when Mary promised that former monastic lands would not be returned to the Church.
-Nov: Parliament passed the Second Act of Repeal, undoing anti-papal legislation since 1529 & the Henrician reformation.
Religion: What reform was passed in 1555?
-Jan: Publication of Bishop Bonner’s Book of Homilies (a normally protestant tool, which suggests that Mary was looking towards reform of the Church).
-Jan: Mary appointed a commission to consider refounding some religious houses.
-Feb: John Rogers was burned under the restored heresy laws.
- May: pope Pual IV takes over and dislkied pole+ hate psaniards, hence stripped pole of the title of papal legate and ordered him to return to rome.
-Oct: Ridley & Latimer were burned for heresy.
-Nov: Gardiner died, and Cranmer deprived the see of Canterbury.
-Dec: Reginald Pole becomes Archbishop of Canterbury, and the London Synod met under Pole.1
Religion: What reform took placed from 1556-8?
-Feb ‘56: Synod issue 12 decrees against abuses like absenteeism. Benedictine House of Westminster in refounded.
-Mar ‘56: Cranmer burned at the stake, and Pole deprived his position as papal legate after arguing with Paul iv.
-Jun ‘57: Refoundation of some small religious houses. Pole was recalled to Rome on charges of heresy, but Mary refused his permission to go & rejected his replacement as legate.
-Nov ‘58: Five Protestants were burned at the stake in Canterbury. Over the course of Mary’s reign, around 300 protestants were burned.
Religion: Name some elements of the church that were restored under Mary? What wasn’t?
-Restored: Pope, Catholic clergy, celibate priests, services in Latin & bibles in Latin, priestly vestments, purgatory, transub, images, heresy laws.
-The main element that was not reinstated was the monastic lands. The monasteries were not rebuilt, and the lands were not restored to the church.
Religion: Why was religious reform delayed?
-Mary’s advisors, particularly Charles, Pope Julius III, and Gardiner urged her to be cautious, so as to not risk her throne.
-Most of the people happily complied with religious reform, though 274 were executed & 800 fled.
-The return of papal supremacy was massively slowed by the opposition to Mary’s marriage, and her own attempt to exercise caution.
-Then, a bill to re-introduce the heresy laws in 1554 was rejected for fear that it would lead to further disorder.
Religion: When & why did Mary’s reform become more extreme? What hindered Pole’s success?
-The death of Bishop Gardiner in November 1555, and the promotionof Cardinal Pole to AoC led Mary’s religious policy down a more severe path, and she soon cracked down on Protestants.
-Pole’s reform was largely constricted by money. Church revenue was falling, and so there wasn’t enough resources for the Marian church to be properly imposed. This meant things like the Twelve Decrees (of 1555), which approved the establishment of seminaries in every diocese, could not be implemented.
-Pole’e disagreements with the Pope, who stripped away his title of papal legate, also hindered Mary’s church, as Pole didn’t have the authority to appoint bishops etc. by 1558, 7 seats were vacant
Religion: How many people died as religious martyrs? Give some famous examples. Was Mary’s violent policy effective?
Somewhere around 300 died, (numbers vary between 274 & 289).
-Notable examples include Cranmer, Hooper, Ridley, and Latimer.
-21 other clergymen were killed, and 8 were from the gentry.
-Often, the burning of ‘heretics’ simply made people martyrs, and didn’t deter people from protestantism, as Mary hoped. The deaths of John Rogers and Rowland Taylor, who had been popular preachers, simply illicited sympathy.
Economy: What did Mary do in terms of debasement?
-Mary, in line with Northumberland, did not continue the policy of debasement.
-Unlike Northumberland, though, Mary began to remove debased coinage from circulation.
Economy: How did purchasing power change? How did this compare to previous Tudor monarchs?
-Purchasing power of agricultural worker’s wages had dropped to 59% of what it had been 50 years earlier.
-However, prices increasing was by no means new. In the mid 1530s, it had been 81, but by Edward’s reign it had fallen to 71.
Economy: What were some problems that impacted Mary’s economy? What did this mean for the people?
-Harvest failures in ‘55 &’56, which were the worst crop failures of the century, as well as the rise of the ‘sweating sickness’ in ‘57 & ‘58, meant living standards had significantly worsened.
-Bad harvest meant there was food shoratge, and strains on the wages of the poor.
-Death rates were double what they had been, and the population decreased by up to 5%.
-Poverty, generally increased, and urban migration was limited to prevent vagrancy.
Economy: How did Mary change trade?
-Trade was encouraged, and by 1551, English ships had begun to explore & trade in North Africa & between 1553-4, Sir Hugh Willoughby attempted to find a passage to the far east.
-However, the decline of the Antwerp market broke down a lot of the trade that had been so integral during the reign of Henry VII.
Finance: How did Mary change the Handling of Crown Income?
-The Court of the Exchequer took over the work of the Court of First Fruit and Tenths, as well as the Court of Augmentations. It handled 75% of crown income.
-Changed customs rates, which had been previously unchanged since 1507, issuing the 1558 New Book of Rates, increasing customs revenue from £29,000 to £85,000.
-In 1557, rents & entry fines also increased.
Finance: Were Mary’s improvements to Crown Income successful? Were they purely her own?
-It does strengthen income, and lends to an extra £40,000 per annum, and the Court of the Exchequer was successful in punishing debters, like Sir Thomas Egerton who owed £7497.
-However, many of these reforms had been proposed by a commision set up by Northumberland, and had been sugested by Walter Mildmay.
-Essentially, the reforms were largely the work of Edward’s administration, simply implements under Mary.
Finance: How did Mary’s debts change?
-Began her reign with £185,000 of debt, but this increased to £300,000.
-However, David Loades argues that it increasing to only £300,000 was a “considerable achievement,” amid the circumstances.
