Phonetics
- human sound speech (physical)
- phones (greek phone = voice sound)
-universal, not language specific - concrete
- phones represented as [ ]
Phonology
- sounds as part of a sound system (functional)
- phonemes (greek phonema = a sound)#
- language-specific
- abstract
- phonemes represented as / /
Branches of phonetics
articulary phonetics
acoustic phonetics
auditory phonetics
production of sound
transmission of sound
perception and processing of sounds
transcription
sound = not letters
making sound visible in writing
letters = graphemes < >
homophones
same sound - different spelling: <to> <too> <two> but also just: /u:/ <who>, <moon>, <you></you></moon></who></two></too></to>
homographs
same spelling - different sounds: heard /3:/, heart /a:/
silent letters
knee
missing letters
[j] in use, cute
voicing
voicless
voiced
vibration of the vocal cords
open vocal cords, air passes
closed vocal cords, airstream sets them vibrating
place of articulation
lips
lips+teeth
teeth
alveolar ridge
alveolar ridge + hard palate
hard palate
soft palate = velum
glottis
position of the articulators
bilabial, [p],[b],[m],[w], puppy, mummy
labio-dental [f],[v], fan, van
(inter-)dental [die beiden h’s], throne, the
alveolar, [t,d,s,z,n,l] dragon
palato-alveolar, [sh, gshe,tsh,dsh], shanty
palatal, [j], yuppie
velar, [k,g,ng], prong
glottal, [h], hat
manner of articulation
obstruents:
- plosives = stops
- fricatives
- affricatives
airstream blockes or impended
- air is stopped (complete closure of the vocal tract) and then released, eg. [p,b]
- narrow opening: air escapes with friction, eg. [f,v]
- combination of a plosive and a fricative, eg. [tsh,dsh]
manner of articulation
sonorants:
- nasal
- approximants
- liquids
- semi- vowels
airstream is continous, non-turbulent
- air escapse through the nasal cavity, eg. [m,n]
- two articulators appraoching or touching each other without audible friction
- air flows arounnd the sides of the tongue while the tip of the tongue touches the aveolar ridge, eg. [l]
- between vowels and consonants because of minimal obstruction of the vocal tract, eg. [w,j]
classification of vowels
- tongue position and shape:
–> tongue height (~mouth closure) (high/close - mid - low/open)
–> part of the tongue which is the highest (front - central - back) - degree of lip rounding/ lip shape (spread - neutral - round)
- duration/ quantity (short - long) or muscular tension (lax - tense)
- constancy of tongue/ lip-shape (monothong- diphthong)
