S2W6 - (2) Motivation Flashcards
Definition: Biological Rewards
food, water, sex, social security
Definition: Social Rewards
achievement, intimacy, power, curiosity, exploration
Definition: Needs Driven
goals to satisfy a need or deficiency; e.g. drinking when thirsty
Definition: Incentive Driven
goals to satisfy pleasure, not need
Type: Approach
Individuals seek to get close to the goal; action terminated when goal’s attained
Type: Active Avoidance
execution of behaviour to avoid unpleasant stimulus
avoidance inefficient as a lack of stimulus is not a certain measure of success
Type: Passive Avoidance
inhibition of behaviour to avoid unpleasant stimulus
avoidance inefficient as a lack of stimulus is not a certain measure of success
Phase: Motivation
working to obtain a reward
Phase: Consumption
evaluation of reward; if reward>expected, increased motivation, and vice versa
Function: Amygdala
links fear, anxiety, aggression to objects, places, people, events;
facilitates learning to attractive stimuli;
linked to early sensory [knee-jerk] and higher cognitive [calm, reflective] areas
Function: Striatum
“wanting phase” of motivation;
selection of behaviours directed at dis/incentives
Function: Nucleus Accumbens
dopamine reward system responsible for incentives; released with cue AND reward; plays major reward in addiction
Function: Orbitofrontal Cortex
evaluates reward with different regions reacting to different stimuli (fats, sugars, salts);
OFC activity correlated with desire for given reward
Definition: Habit
inflexible representation specfic to stimulus and context in which they were learned
Definition: Action
flexible, resource intensive, goal directed behaviour
Function: Dorsal Striatum
chunks tasks into single events; forming habits as automatic responses to sensory cues
Definition: Addiction
compulsive, chronic, relapsing, habitual user
turning into an addiction, exposure for the sake of avoiding withdrawal;
physical dependence AND learning and conditioning in acquisition and maintenance
Definition: Habitual User
continues use despite adverse effects on health and social life, despite attempts to stop
turning into a habit, exposure for the sake of the stimuli/ drug
Definition: Tolerance
the effect of a drug on a person, increasing or decreasing with exposure
Type: Metabolic Tolerance
loss of effectiveness due to less of the drug getting to site of action or decreased reactivity from the site of action
Definition: Dependence
reliant on the drug as the brain adapts to the drugs effects (tolerance), and its sudden absence (cold-turkey) would result in an opposite effect to the drug (withdrawal)
Type: Contingent Drug Tolerance
tolerance only occurs when effects experienced;
drugs specific effects (e.g. lack of awareness with alcohol) can be overcome (e.g. convulsion stimulation) i.e. tolerated, only when the effect is experienced as the stimulation occurs
Type: Conditioned Drug Tolerance
tolerance is maximal when experience in the same situation previously experienced
