S2W6 - (2) Motivation

Question 1

Definition: Biological Rewards

Answer 1

food, water, sex, social security

Question 2

Definition: Social Rewards

Answer 2

achievement, intimacy, power, curiosity, exploration

Question 3

Definition: Needs Driven

Answer 3

goals to satisfy a need or deficiency; e.g. drinking when thirsty

Question 4

Definition: Incentive Driven

Answer 4

goals to satisfy pleasure, not need

Question 5

Type: Approach

Answer 5

Individuals seek to get close to the goal; action terminated when goal’s attained

Question 6

Type: Active Avoidance

Answer 6

execution of behaviour to avoid unpleasant stimulus
avoidance inefficient as a lack of stimulus is not a certain measure of success

Question 7

Type: Passive Avoidance

Answer 7

inhibition of behaviour to avoid unpleasant stimulus
avoidance inefficient as a lack of stimulus is not a certain measure of success

Question 8

Phase: Motivation

Answer 8

working to obtain a reward

Question 9

Phase: Consumption

Answer 9

evaluation of reward; if reward>expected, increased motivation, and vice versa

Question 10

Function: Amygdala

Answer 10

links fear, anxiety, aggression to objects, places, people, events;
facilitates learning to attractive stimuli;
linked to early sensory [knee-jerk] and higher cognitive [calm, reflective] areas

Question 11

Function: Striatum

Answer 11

“wanting phase” of motivation;
selection of behaviours directed at dis/incentives

Question 12

Function: Nucleus Accumbens

Answer 12

dopamine reward system responsible for incentives; released with cue AND reward; plays major reward in addiction

Question 13

Function: Orbitofrontal Cortex

Answer 13

evaluates reward with different regions reacting to different stimuli (fats, sugars, salts);
OFC activity correlated with desire for given reward

Question 14

Definition: Habit

Answer 14

inflexible representation specfic to stimulus and context in which they were learned

Question 15

Definition: Action

Answer 15

flexible, resource intensive, goal directed behaviour

Question 16

Function: Dorsal Striatum

Answer 16

chunks tasks into single events; forming habits as automatic responses to sensory cues

Question 17

Definition: Addiction

Answer 17

compulsive, chronic, relapsing, habitual user
turning into an addiction, exposure for the sake of avoiding withdrawal;
physical dependence AND learning and conditioning in acquisition and maintenance

Question 18

Definition: Habitual User

Answer 18

continues use despite adverse effects on health and social life, despite attempts to stop
turning into a habit, exposure for the sake of the stimuli/ drug

Question 19

Definition: Tolerance

Answer 19

the effect of a drug on a person, increasing or decreasing with exposure

Question 20

Type: Metabolic Tolerance

Answer 20

loss of effectiveness due to less of the drug getting to site of action or decreased reactivity from the site of action

Question 21

Definition: Dependence

Answer 21

reliant on the drug as the brain adapts to the drugs effects (tolerance), and its sudden absence (cold-turkey) would result in an opposite effect to the drug (withdrawal)

Question 22

Type: Contingent Drug Tolerance

Answer 22

tolerance only occurs when effects experienced;
drugs specific effects (e.g. lack of awareness with alcohol) can be overcome (e.g. convulsion stimulation) i.e. tolerated, only when the effect is experienced as the stimulation occurs

Question 23

Type: Conditioned Drug Tolerance

Answer 23

tolerance is maximal when experience in the same situation previously experienced