S2_L2: Quantitative Studies Flashcards
Structured research instruments for data gathering. It is highly reliable since methods can easily be replicated or
repeated.
A. Quantitative study design
B. Qualitative study design
A. Quantitative study design
Data collected are in the form of numbers or statistics. It can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict
future results or predict causal relationships.
A. Quantitative study design
B. Qualitative study design
A. Quantitative study design
Require few number of participants to generate a conclusion
A. Quantitative study design
B. Qualitative study design
B. Qualitative study design
Collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to
understand concepts, opinions or experiences
A. Quantitative study design
B. Qualitative study design
B. Qualitative study design
Descriptive observational: Novel study or no available study
A. Case series
B. Case report
C. Cross-sectional
B. Case report
Descriptive observational: Collection of reports on patients with uncommon condition
A. Case series
B. Case report
C. Cross-sectional
A. Case series
Descriptive observational: Describing the characteristics or proportion of conditions in a certain population
A. Case series
B. Case report
C. Cross-sectional
C. Cross-sectional
Descriptive observational: Reports on few patients with uncommon condition. One example was the studies published during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.
A. Case series
B. Case report
C. Cross-sectional
B. Case report
Analytic observational: Begins assessment with healthy participants
A. Cohort
B. Cross-sectional
C. Case control
A. Cohort
Analytic observational: Recruits healthy and unhealthy participants to assess current risk factors
A. Cohort
B. Cross-sectional
C. Case control
B. Cross-sectional
Analytic observational: Recruits participants to determine their history of exposure or non-exposure
A. Cohort
B. Cross-sectional
C. Case control
C. Case control
Analytic observational: Exposed vs unexposed
A. Cohort
B. Cross-sectional
C. Case control
A. Cohort
Asks participant to recall the exposure
A. Prospective cohort
B. Retrospective cohort
B. Retrospective cohort
Follows participant in time
A. Prospective cohort
B. Retrospective cohort
A. Prospective cohort
Analytic experimental research designs
- Time series
- Solomon four group
- Latin square
- One group pre-test - post test
- pre-test - post-test control group
A. Pre-experimental
B. True Experimental
C. Quasi experimental
D. Statistical
- C
- B
- D
- A
- B
Analytic experimental research designs
- One-shot case study
- Randomized blocks
- Static group
- Factorial design
- Post-test only control group
A. Pre-experimental
B. True Experimental
C. Quasi experimental
D. Statistical
- A
- D
- A
- D
- B
Pre-experimental: Observe after giving treatment to a participant
A. One-shot case study
B. One-group case study
C. static group
A. One-shot case study
Pre-experimental: Observe first the participant, then give the treatment or management then assess it again
A. One-shot case study
B. One-group case study
C. static group
B. One-group case study
Pre-experimental: Has two groups: experimental group & control group
A. One-shot case study
B. One-group case study
C. static group
C. static group
NOTE: There is no randomisation in pre-experimental
True experimental: Experimental and Control group will be randomized then only the experimental group will receive the treatment/management then will be observed
A. Post-test only control group
B. Pre-test - post-test control group
C. Solomon four group
A. Post-test only control group
True experimental: Randomisation for both experimental group and control group then both of them will be observed. Then your experimental group will receive a
treatment while none for the control group. Then, both of them will be observed.
A. Post-test only control group
B. Pre-test - post-test control group
C. Solomon four group
B. Pre-test - post-test control group
True experimental: There will be four groups then all of them will be randomized.
1. The first two groups, experimental group and control
group, will be observed and only the experimental
group of the first group will receive the treatment.
Both of them will be observed.
2. While in the second batch, experimental group 2 and
control group 2, won’t be observed but the experimental group will receive the treatment. Both of them will be observed afterwards.
A. Post-test only control group
B. Pre-test - post-test control group
C. Solomon four group
C. Solomon four group
Quasi-experimental: A group of people will be given a treatment then will be observed on a specific time period
A. Time series
B. Multiple time series
A. Time series
Quasi-experimental: There will be two groups. All of them will be observed at a specific time, and then will be given
treatment; then will be observed at a specific time period after receiving the treatment.
A. Time series
B. Multiple time series
B. Multiple time series
TRUE OR FALSE: The advantages of using a statistical research design are specific extraneous variables can be statistically controlled, and each test unit can be measured more than once.
True
The extent to which the outcomes are consistent when the experiment is repeated more than once.
Reliability
The extent to which the instruments that are used in the experiment to measure exactly what you want them to measure.
Validity
A study design where a specific questionnaire is developed, then a group of experts will validate it before applying it to a population to check for its reliability.
Psychometric study design
-Development/Transition → Validity → Reliability
TRUE OR FALSE: The exclusion criteria is just the opposite of the inclusion criteria.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Both inclusion and exclusion criteria are based on literature found when writing introduction and literature search.
True
The recruitment process for participants is a step-by-step procedure involving ____.
Sampling
Software or formula used as a reference for the values
included in the computation
Study size
- Purposive
- Stratified
- Quota
- Cluster
- Convenience
A. Probability sampling technique
B. Non-probability sampling technique
- B
- A
- B
- A
- B
Occurs when one or more parts of the population are
favored over others. With this, not everyone in the population has an equal chance of being part of the sample.
Biased samples
Biased samples: Only includes people who are easy to reach
A. Voluntary response sample
B. Convenience sample
B. Convenience sample
Biased samples: Consists of people that have chosen to include themselves. Only people with strong interest are likely to respond; people who may not feel as strongly about the topic may not even care to respond.
A. Voluntary response sample
B. Convenience sample
A. Voluntary response sample
Unbiased samples: Random digits table
A. Stratified random sampling
B. Multistage sampling
C. Simple random sampling
B. Multistage sampling
Unbiased samples: Each individual has an equal chance of being chosen to be part of the sample; the most basic
A. Stratified random sampling
B. Multistage sampling
C. Simple random sampling
C. Simple random sampling
Unbiased samples: Take the population, then divide it into groups of similar people. Within each group, take a sample and combine all to get the sample.
A. Stratified random sampling
B. Multistage sampling
C. Simple random sampling
A. Stratified random sampling
Additional: This is good for making sure that whoever is administering the sample gets in contact with each kind of group
Unbiased samples: Go through different stages to find where the sample comes from, using a combination of two or more SRSs
A. Stratified random sampling
B. Multistage sampling
C. Simple random sampling
B. Multistage sampling
Non-probability sampling: The researcher can control for the potential confounding effect of known characteristics of a population by guiding the sampling process so that an adequate number of subjects are obtained for each stratum. E.g., if you have a similar age group, you will get several representatives of this age group.
A. Quota sampling
B. Purposive sampling
C. Snowballing sampling
D. Convenience sampling
A. Quota sampling
Enumerate the 3 criteria used to evaluate the research setting
- Feasibility
- Safety
- Adequacy
Data gathering procedures in quantitative studies
- Initial assessment of variables
- Validity testing
- Allocation procedures
A. Observational
B. Experimental
C. Psychometric
D. A and B
- D
- C
- B
Data gathering procedures in quantitative studies
- Revision of existing questionnaire
- Treatment protocols
- Reliability testing of assessors
A. Observational
B. Experimental
C. Psychometric
D. A and B
- C
- B
- D
How do we write the data gathering procedure?
1. Check sequence
2. Organize into phases
3. Summarize using (1)___
4. Include (2)___
- diagram
- appendices
How do we write the data analyses?
1. Check sequence
2. Ensure (1)___ are met
3. Provide (2)___
- objectives
- references
Non-probability sampling: The researcher will take / hand pick the participants for the study
A. Quota sampling
B. Purposive sampling
C. Snowballing sampling
D. Convenience sampling
B. Purposive sampling
Non-probability sampling: Get a specific part of the population as your participant
A. Quota sampling
B. Purposive sampling
C. Snowballing sampling
D. Convenience sampling
D. Convenience sampling
Non-probability sampling: Participants refer other participants with similar symptoms or characteristics of your research
A. Quota sampling
B. Purposive sampling
C. Snowballing sampling
D. Convenience sampling
C. Snowballing sampling
A good sample is one that is representative of the ___.
entire population
