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biology (Lyons) > S2 Exam Bio > Flashcards

S2 Exam Bio Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the gland the secretes oil to waterproof bird feathers called?

A

preen gland

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2
Q

what organ prevents fish from floating

A

swim bladder

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3
Q

what bird organ crushes up their food?

A

gizzard

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4
Q

which type of bird feather provide insulation

A

down feathers

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5
Q

how many chambers does a birds heart have?

A

4

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6
Q

what type of fertilization do birds do?

A

internal

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7
Q

what organ do snakes use to sense smell from their mouths?

A

Jacobsens organ

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8
Q

what type of toes do lizards have

A

clawed toes

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9
Q

what is the dorsal part of a turtles shell called?

A

carapace

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10
Q

what is the ventral part of a turtles shell called?

A

plastron

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11
Q

what two functions do feathers have?

A
  1. insulation

2. flight

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12
Q

feathers that cover the birds tail, body, and wings

A

contour feathers

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13
Q

birds have a large cerebellum in order to…

A

coordinate movement and balance during flight

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14
Q

what do birds do to their eggs?

A

incubate

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15
Q

classes of vertebrates (5)

A
  • birds
  • fish
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • mammals
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16
Q

what are the 4 types of fish scales

A
  • ctenoid
  • cycloid
  • placoid
  • ganoid
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17
Q

how many chambers do fish have in their hearts

A

2

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18
Q

what is the filtering unit in fishes kidneys that helps maintain the salt and water balance and remove cellular waste from the fish’s blood?

A

nephron

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19
Q

what helps the fish maintain balance and detects the slightest movements in water?

A

lateral line system

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20
Q

3 classes of fish

A
  • jawless / agnatha
  • cartilaginous / Chondrichthyes
  • bony / osteichthyes
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21
Q

What organ in birds reabsorbs water from uric acid?

A

cloaca

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22
Q

feathers are made of

A

keratin

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23
Q

what do snakes use for hearing?

A

jaw bones

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24
Q

in a bird, what organ does oxygenated air move into from the trachea?

A

air sacs

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25
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

process by which desired traits of certain plants
and animals are selected and passed on to their
future generations

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26
Q

what is hybridization

A

breeding an animal or a plant with another species of animal or plant, usually to achieve better traits

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27
Q

what is inbreeding

A

The process in which two closely related
organisms are bred to have the desired traits
and to eliminate the undesired ones in future
generations

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28
Q

how are pure breeds maintained?

A

by inbreeding

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29
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

Technology that involves manipulating
the DNA of one organism in order to insert
the DNA of another organism, called
exogenous DNA

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30
Q

what is exogenous DNA

A

DNA that is inserted into another organisms DNA

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31
Q

what is a genome

A

total DNA in the nucleus of each cell

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32
Q

what are restriction enzymes

A

enzymes that recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and split the DNA within the sequence

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33
Q

what is gel electrophoresis

A

An electric current is used to separate DNA

fragments according to the size of the fragments

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34
Q

what is recombinant DNA

A

The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from

different sources

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35
Q

what are plasmids

A

small circular molecules found in bacteria

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36
Q

what is DNA cloning

A

production of identical DNA sequences

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37
Q

what is DNA fingerprinting

A

the separation of DNA fragments to observe distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual

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38
Q

what are fossils

A

fossils are remains of previously living organisms, such as bones, imprints, or amber encapsulation

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39
Q

what is the geologic time scale

A

a model that expresses the major geological and biological events in Earths history

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40
Q

what is the cambrian explosion

A

a sudden increase and appearance of different organisms during the cambrian period

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41
Q

what is relative dating

A

method of determining the age of rocks by comparing them to rocks of other layers

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42
Q

what is radioactive dating

A

uses the decay of radioactive isotopes to measure a rocks age

43
Q

what is a half-life

A

length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

44
Q

what is the law of superposition?

A

principle that states rock layers farther below are older than rock layers higher up

45
Q

what is the theory of biogenesis

A

theory that states only living organisms can produce other living organisms

46
Q

what is spontaneous generation

A

the idea that life arises from nonlife

47
Q

who created the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

Francesco Redi

48
Q

Who created the theory of biogenesis?

A

Louis Pasteur

49
Q

what is Oparins hypothesis?

A

It suggests that life gradually came to be through inorganic substances

50
Q

Hardy Weinberg equation:

A

p+q=1 / p^2+2pq+q^2=1

51
Q

What is the Hardy Weinberg principle?

A

states that when allelic frequencies remain constant, a population is in genetic equilibrium

52
Q

what is the shortest geologic time?

A

epoch

53
Q

what is the longest geologic time?

A

eon

54
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria

A

cyanobacteria

55
Q

what did the Miller-Urey experiment show?

A

that organic molecules could be made from inorganic compounds

56
Q

what is lifes first coding system

A

RNA

57
Q

what are the first cells on earth

A

prokaryotes

58
Q

what current prokaryotes are the closest relatives to the first prokaryotes

A

archaea

59
Q

what is chemosynthesis?

A

the turning of molecules and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic compounds as energy

60
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

the turning of sunlight into sugars which then emits oxygen

61
Q

what is the endosymbiont theory?

A

a theory that explains that the ancestors of eukaryotes once lived in association with prokaryotes, and the prokaryotes became organelles in eukaryotes.

62
Q

what type of prokaryotes became mitochondria?

A

aerobic

63
Q

what type of prokaryotes became chloroplasts?

A

photosynthetic

64
Q

what is the name of darwins boat

A

HMS Beagle

65
Q

what is the place of where most of darwins knowledge came from

A

Galapagos

66
Q

the study of deciphering different animals around the world

A

biogeography

67
Q

what is the title of darwins book

A

the origin of life OR the origin of species by means of natural selection

68
Q

what is natural selection

A

the better fit are more likely to survive

69
Q

what are derived traits

A

newly evolved features that do not appear in the

fossils of common ancestors

70
Q

what are ancestral traits

A

more primitive features that do appear in

ancestral forms

71
Q

what are vestigial structures

A

structures that are from ancestors but have no purpose for current organisms

72
Q

what are homologous structures

A

Anatomically similar structures inherited from

a common ancestor

73
Q

analogous structures.

A

can be used for the same
purpose and can be superficially similar in
construction, but are not inherited from a
common ancestor.

74
Q

divergent evolution

A

organisms from a common ancestor diverge and form more traits specific to them (ex. a mammoth and an elephant come from a common ancestor)

75
Q

adaptive radiation

A

one species gives rise to many different species in response to the creation of new habitat or some other ecological opportunity

76
Q

artificial selection

A

darwins term for selective breeding

77
Q

genetic drift

A

A change in the allelic frequencies in a

population that is due to chance

78
Q

stabilizing selection

A

eliminate extreme expressions of a trait when the average expression leads to higher fitness.

79
Q

disruptive selection

A

a process that splits a population into two groups.

80
Q

directional selection

A

makes an organism more fit for survival

81
Q

what are the types of reproductive isolation (2)

A
  • prezygotic

- postzygotic

82
Q

prezygotic isolation

A

prevents reproduction by making fertilization unlikely

83
Q

postzygotic isolation

A

occurs when fertilization
has occurred but a hybrid offspring cannot
develop or reproduce (ex. a tiger and lions offspring cannot reproduce)

84
Q

geographic isolation

A

physical structures separate members of a population (ex. river, cliff, etc)

85
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

rapid spurts of genetic change causing species to diverge quickly. (ex. a cheeta cub suddenly born without spots)

86
Q

gradualism

A

the gradual genetic change in species (ex. A butterfly starts off yellow but over time its descendants become orange)

87
Q

who created binomial nomenclature

A

Linnaeus

88
Q

what is classification

A

the organizing of species

89
Q

what is binomial nomenclature

A

a naming system of species where the first part of the name is the genus name and the second part is the name specific to the species

90
Q

name all taxas (8)

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
91
Q

what are taxa

A

named group of organisms

92
Q

what is a genus

A

group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor

93
Q

name everything included in the kingdom (6)

A
  • (b)acteria
  • (a)rchaea
  • (p)rotists
  • (f)ungi
  • (a)nimalia
  • (p)lantae
    remember it by bapfap
94
Q

what are the domains (3)

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya
95
Q

what is apart of kingdom archaea? (3)

A
  • thermoacidophiles
  • halophiles
  • methanogens
96
Q

thermoacidophiles

A

live in hot, acidic environments

97
Q

halophiles

A

live in extremely salty environments

98
Q

methanogens

A

live without oxygen

99
Q

lytic cycle

A

The host cell makes many copies of the

viral RNA or DNA.

100
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

Viral DNA inserts, or integrates into a

chromosome in a host cell.

101
Q

virus

A

non living strand of genetic material with a protein coat

102
Q

retrovirus

A

virus that have RNA instead of DNA for genetic material

103
Q

what are the 3 prokaryote shapes?

A
  • cocci (circle)
  • bacilli (rod shaped)
  • spirochete (spiral)

biology (Lyons) (7 decks)

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