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biology (Lyons) > chp 8 > Flashcards

chp 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is metabolism

A

chemical reactions in a cell

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2
Q

what is energy

A

the ability to do work

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3
Q

what is thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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4
Q

what is an autotroph

A

an organism that makes their own food

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5
Q

what is a heterotroph

A

an organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes (also called consumer)

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6
Q

what is the chloroplast

A

organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

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7
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

organelle that is the cite of ATP production; powerhouse of the cell

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8
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred

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9
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

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10
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

the process by which plants and some other use light energy and use it to convert H2O and CO2 into food

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11
Q

what is cellular respiration

-what does it do

A
  • process that releases energy

- breaks down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

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12
Q

glucose

A

C6H12O6

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13
Q

what is ATP

A

main energy source that cells use for most of their work (adenosine triphosphate)

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14
Q

what is ATP synthase

A

large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind a phosphate group with ADP to create ATP (ADP + P = ATP)

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15
Q

what is a thylakoid

-what does it do

A
  • a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast

- used to convert light energy into chemical energy

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16
Q

what is the stroma

A

fluid portion of the chloroplast outside of the thylakoids

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17
Q

what are pigments

- what do they do

A
  • colored chemical compounds

- absorb light

18
Q

what is chlorophyll

A

green pigment in plants that absorb light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

19
Q

what are carotenoids

A

absorb blue/green parts of the visible spectrum therefore making them appear yellow or red

20
Q

what is NADP+

-what does it do

A
  • carrier molecule

- transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

21
Q

what is chemiosmosis

A

a process for synthesizing ATP using energy from an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

22
Q

what is the Calvin Cycle

A

-light-independent reactions of photosynthesis where light energy from ATP and NADH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

23
Q

what is the electron transport chain

-what does it do

A

-process that uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP

24
Q

what is the Krebs Cycle

-what happens during it

A
  • second stage of cellular respiration

- pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

25
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

respiration that requires oxygen

26
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

respiration that doesn’t require oxygen

27
Q

what are C4 plants

-what does the end product do

A
  • plants where reactions turn CO2 into 4 carbon compounds.

- end product supplies CO2 for Calvin cycle.

28
Q

what are CAM plants

  • what do they use
  • what happens to them
A
  • plant that uses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism(adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions)
  • CO2 enters stromata during the night and is converted into organic acids which release CO2 for the Calvin Cycle in the day while the stromata is closed
29
Q

what is rubisco

-what does it perform

A
  • most abundant protein on earth.

- performs carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle

30
Q

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

  • what is it
  • what happens to it
A
  • metabolite

- oxidized during glycolysis and reduced during the Calvin Cycle

31
Q

FADH2

- what does it do

A

-directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at lowest energy level

32
Q

glycolysis

  • what does it do
  • what does it produce
A
  • breaks down carbs and glucose through reactions to pyruvic acid or lactic acid
  • energy in the form of ATP
33
Q

fermentation

  • what does it do
  • what does it produce
A
  • makes limited amount of ATP from glucose without electron transport chain
  • produces lactic acid or ethyl alcohol
34
Q

pyruvate

A

3 carbon compound that forms as end product of glycolysis

35
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

anaerobic process where
Pyruvic acid -> CO2
ethyl alcohol carried out by yeast

36
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

folds in the mitochondria enclosed in the inner membrane that contain enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle

37
Q

acetyl CoA

  • what is it
  • what is it formed from
A
  • entry compound for the citric acid cycle(Krebs Cycle)

- formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

38
Q

mitochondrial cristae

A

liquid part of the mitochondria that increase surface area

39
Q

ATP production in glycolysis

A

2 atp in, 4 atp out (net production of 2 atp)

40
Q

two main parts of CR

A
  • glycolysis

- aerobic respiration

biology (Lyons) (7 decks)

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