chp 8 Flashcards
what is metabolism
chemical reactions in a cell
what is energy
the ability to do work
what is thermodynamics
the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
what is an autotroph
an organism that makes their own food
what is a heterotroph
an organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes (also called consumer)
what is the chloroplast
organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs
what is the mitochondria
organelle that is the cite of ATP production; powerhouse of the cell
what is the 1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be destroyed or created only transferred
what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy
what is photosynthesis
the process by which plants and some other use light energy and use it to convert H2O and CO2 into food
what is cellular respiration
-what does it do
- process that releases energy
- breaks down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
glucose
C6H12O6
what is ATP
main energy source that cells use for most of their work (adenosine triphosphate)
what is ATP synthase
large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind a phosphate group with ADP to create ATP (ADP + P = ATP)
what is a thylakoid
-what does it do
- a flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast
- used to convert light energy into chemical energy
what is the stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast outside of the thylakoids
what are pigments
- what do they do
- colored chemical compounds
- absorb light
what is chlorophyll
green pigment in plants that absorb light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
what are carotenoids
absorb blue/green parts of the visible spectrum therefore making them appear yellow or red
what is NADP+
-what does it do
- carrier molecule
- transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
what is chemiosmosis
a process for synthesizing ATP using energy from an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme
what is the Calvin Cycle
-light-independent reactions of photosynthesis where light energy from ATP and NADH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
what is the electron transport chain
-what does it do
-process that uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP
what is the Krebs Cycle
-what happens during it
- second stage of cellular respiration
- pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
what is aerobic respiration
respiration that requires oxygen
what is anaerobic respiration
respiration that doesn’t require oxygen
what are C4 plants
-what does the end product do
- plants where reactions turn CO2 into 4 carbon compounds.
- end product supplies CO2 for Calvin cycle.
what are CAM plants
- what do they use
- what happens to them
- plant that uses Crassulacean Acid Metabolism(adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions)
- CO2 enters stromata during the night and is converted into organic acids which release CO2 for the Calvin Cycle in the day while the stromata is closed
what is rubisco
-what does it perform
- most abundant protein on earth.
- performs carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
- what is it
- what happens to it
- metabolite
- oxidized during glycolysis and reduced during the Calvin Cycle
FADH2
- what does it do
-directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at lowest energy level
glycolysis
- what does it do
- what does it produce
- breaks down carbs and glucose through reactions to pyruvic acid or lactic acid
- energy in the form of ATP
fermentation
- what does it do
- what does it produce
- makes limited amount of ATP from glucose without electron transport chain
- produces lactic acid or ethyl alcohol
pyruvate
3 carbon compound that forms as end product of glycolysis
alcoholic fermentation
anaerobic process where
Pyruvic acid -> CO2
ethyl alcohol carried out by yeast
mitochondrial matrix
folds in the mitochondria enclosed in the inner membrane that contain enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle
acetyl CoA
- what is it
- what is it formed from
- entry compound for the citric acid cycle(Krebs Cycle)
- formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
mitochondrial cristae
liquid part of the mitochondria that increase surface area
ATP production in glycolysis
2 atp in, 4 atp out (net production of 2 atp)
two main parts of CR
- glycolysis
- aerobic respiration
