chp 10 Flashcards
gene
the DNA on chromosomes
homologous chromosomes
one chromosome from each parent that make up a pair
gametes
sex cells with half the number of chromosomes
haploid
a cell with a certain number of chromosomes
fertilization
when one haploid combines with another haploid gamete
diploid
a cell with 2n numbers of chromosomes (haploid becomes diploid after fertilization)
meiosis
sex cell division
crossing over
chromosomal segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes (happens in Prophase one)
interphase
- chromosomes replicate
- chromatin condenses
prophase I
- crossing over
- spindles form
- nuclear envelope breaks down
metaphase I
- centromeres attach to spindle fibers
- homologous chromosomes line up in the middle
anaphase I
-homologous chromosomes separate
telophase I
- spindles break down
- chromosomes unwind and form 2 nuclei
- cell divides
prophase II
- chromosomes condense
- spindle fibers form in each new cell and attach to chromosomes
metaphase II
-centromeres line up in the middle
anaphase II
- centromeres split
- sister chromatids split and move to opposite areas of the cell
telophase II
- four nuclei form around chromosomes
- spindles break down
- cells divide
pigments that make leaves colored red, yellow
carotenoids
autotroph
animal who makes its own food (greek “self feeder”)
heterotroph
animal who takes food from the earth (greek “other feeder”)
qualitative
interview of how good your information is
quantitative
how much information you have
macromolecule that contains the most energy
lipids
allele
one or more versions of a gene
F1 generation
1st filial generation. offspring of the parents
F2 generation
2nd filial generation. offspring of F1 generation
ratio of F2 generation
3:1
dominant
trait usually seen in f1 gen
recessive
trait masked in the fi gen and usually seen in f2 gen
homozygous
organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait
heterozygous
organism with 2 diff alleles for a particular trait
genotype
allele pairs
phenotype
physical expressions or characteristics of alleles
law of segregation
2 alleles for each trait separate in meiosis
hybrid
heterozygous organisms
law of independent assortment
a random distribution of alleles occur during gamete formation
dihybrid cross ratio
9:3:3:1
