S1L3: Body Changes in Aging and Management Issues Flashcards
MUSCLE
The loss of muscle fibers and decrease fiber size in the elderly results in ``
loss of force per unit area
MUSCLE
Disproportionate loss of type `` fibers
Disproportionate loss of type 2 fibers
T/F
Even if muscle fibers and fiber size decrease as we age, motor units are not affected
False
There’s also loss of motor units in aging
attributable to an underlying disease; loss of both muscle and fat mass
Cachexia
loss of muscle mass and strength, increase in fat mass, and abdominal girth
Sarcopenia
BONE
Insufficient load-bearing results to ``
Insufficient load-bearing -> demineralization
T/F
Changes in bone are affected by changes in excretory system, more significant in women after menopause
False
Affected by changes in endocrine system, more significant in women after menopause
T/F
In Neurologic, there is a decrease in brain volume, frontal white matter loss, and decreased cerebral blood flow
False
Decreased brain volume, frontal grey matter loss, decreased cerebral blood
flow
NEUROLOGIC CHANGES
Lens aging may lead to ``
cataracts
AGE-RELATED HEARING LOSS: INTRINSIC VS. EXTRINSIC
- Noise exposure
- Cochlear aging
- Genetics
- Ototoxic drugs
- Extrinsic
- Intrinsic
- Intrinsic
- Extrinsic
NEUROLOGIC CHANGES
Decline in vision due to ``
retinal aging
CV
MHR decreases [] bpm / decade after age 25 years
6-10
CV
VO2max decreases []% / decade after age 25 years
5-15
CV: Decrease or Increase?
- Arterial compliance
- beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation response
- SA node automaticity
- SBP
- myocytes
- Decrease
- Decrease
- Decrease
- Increase
- Decrease
T/F
CV changes include left ventricular hypotrophy with impaired filling
False
Left ventricular hypertrophy with impaired filing
T/F:
Exercise-induced adaptations are not as available to the elderly
True
T/F:
In CV changes, there’s a decrease sensitivity to dopamine and impaired vasoconstrictive
responses
True
Dopamine, together with norepinephrine and epinephrine, are catecholamine
PULMONARY: Increase or Decrease?
- lung compliance
- thoracic wall mobility
- strength of respiratory muscles
- Residual Volume
- Functional Residual Capacity
- increase
- decrease
- decrease
- increase
- increase
Modified T/F
A. Pulmonary changes include impaired pulmonary gas exchange and V/Q mismatc
B. There’s also a loss of elastic recoil and lung stiffening
TT
GI
Malnutrition results from decrease in [] and []
apetite and energy intake
Modified T/F
A. The decrease in smell and taste sensation result to early satiety
B. Decrease gastric compliance results to prolonged postprandial satiety
FT
Smell and taste sensation may decrease -> loss of enjoyment from eating
Decreased gastric compliance -> early satiety and prolonged postprandial
satiety
GI
decreased production of stomach acid
Hypochlorhydria
Modified T/F:
A. Hypoclorhydria can lead to bacterial overgrowth in SI
B. It can also lead to impaired absorption of vit. B12, calcium, iodine, zinc, folic acid
TF
Impaired absorption of vit. B12, calcium, iron, zinc, folic acid
GI
Increase in [] and [] suppresses appetite
cholecystokinin and leptin
Modified T/F
A. Genitourinary changes include increase in renal mass
B. It also include urinary incontinence
FT
Decrease in renal mass
Modified T/F:
A. Decrease renal blood flow -> increase in glomerular filtration rate
B. Impaired water balance -> water loss
FT
Decrease renal blood flow -> decrease in glomerular filtration rate
ENDOCRINE: Increase or Decrease
- hormone secretion
- tissue responsiveness
- glucose tolerance
- estrogen
ALL DECREASE
Modified T/F
A. Decrease in estrogen causes impaired muscle fiber protein synthesis resulting to changes in body composition
B. Decrease in testosterine, hGH, and insulin-like growth factor (anabolic hormones) results to collagen loss and thinning of skin
FF
A. Decreased testosterone, hGH, insulin-like growth factor (anabolic hormones) ->
impaired muscle fiber protein synthesis -> changes in body composition
B. Decreased estrogen -> collagen loss and thinning of skin
T/F
Bone loss results to osteopenia and osteoporosis
True
Modified T/F:
A. Skin changes are caused by normal aging and environmental factors
B. There is a thickening of epidermis
TF
Thinning of epidermis
SKIN: Increase or decrease
- cell replacement
- immune response
- wound healing
- moisture content
- Elasticity
- risk of skin disorders and injury
- blood supply
- sensory sensitivity
ALL DECREASE except for #6
Modified T/F:
A. Reaction to drugs is always the same as in younger age groups
B. Adverse effects more frequent and may be more severe
FT
Reaction to drugs not always the same as in younger age groups
Modified T/F:
A. Decreased total body water results decreased volume of distribution of
water-soluble drugs
B. Decrease adipose tissue causes larger volume of distribution for fat-soluble drugs -> prolonged biologic half-life
TF
Increased adipose tissue causes larger volume of distribution for fat-soluble
drugs
Modified T/F
A. Hepatic drug clearance decreased up to 50%
B. Renal clearance decreased up to 30%
FF
➢ Hepatic drug clearance decreased up to 30%
➢ Renal clearance decreased up to 50%
T/F
Changes in gait are affected by vision, cognition, motor control, balance, peripheral sensation,
strength, joint health, and metabolic demands
True
predictor of survival, possibly a biomarker of health status in older
adults
Gait speed
GAIT: Increase or decrease
- Base of support
- Stride length
- double limb support
- speed
- increase (broader BOS)
- decrease (shorter SL)
- increase
- decrease
Modified T/F
A. Gait speed of 0.8 m/sec relatively good function
B. 1.0 m/sec predicting median life expectancy for age and sex
FF
➢ 1.0 m/sec relatively good function
➢ 0.8 m/sec predicting median life expectancy for age and sex
Modified T/F
A. Moderate-intensity aerobic activity is enough to result in noticeably increased heart rate and breathing
B. Done for at least 30 mins 5 days a week
TT
Modified T/F
A. For resistance training (calisthenics, weight training), at least 10 to 15 reps that trains the major muscle groups, 2 or 3 consecutive days each week
B. For balance exercise, at least 4 times a week
FF
Resistance training: one set of 10 to 15 repetitions of an exercise that trains major muscle groups on 2 or 3 nonconsecutive days each week
Balance: 3 times a week
Modfieid T/F:
A. Flexbility: at least 10 minutes of stretching major muscle and tendon groups at least 2 days each week
B.10 to 30 seconds of static stretches and three to five repetitions for each stretch.
C. Ideally performed every day that balance exercise is performed
TFF
B.10 to 30 seconds of static stretches and three to four repetitions for each stretch.
C. Ideally performed every day that aerobic and resistance training is performed
Global average life expectancy at 60 years:
20 years
- old geriatric population
- oldest old
- nonagenarian
a. >90
b. 65-75
c. >85
- B
- C
- A
