S1_L1: Introduction to Motor Control & Motor Learning Strategies Flashcards
This is a result of a complex set of neurological, physical, mechanical, and behavioral process that enables an individual to make dynamic postural adjustments and direct body & limb movements into purposeful activity
Motor Control
Based on the principles of neuroplasticity, practice leads to cell-to-cell cooperation. This leads to a more reliable change
A. All statements are true
B. All statements are false
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
A. All statements are true
Based on the principles of neuroplasticity, initial brain change is ________
temporary
_________ is the ability of the brain to reorganize itself, both in structure and how it functions
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity leads to the impetus that the brain will respond to injury by (1)_______ aimed at restoring (2)_______
- reorganization
- function
Source: Therapeutic Exercise Course Manual for Pediatric & Neuro PT (Lipardo, 2013)
The plasticity of a structure is its ability to show _________
modification or change
Source: Therapeutic Exercise Course Manual for Pediatric & Neuro PT (Lipardo, 2013)
______ is believed to be the mechanism for encoding and learning
plasticity
Source: Therapeutic Exercise Course Manual for Pediatric & Neuro PT (Lipardo, 2013)
TRUE OR FALSE: If you practice the right movement, your brain will retain the right way of doing it
True
Enumerate the ways on how the brain changes.
- Neurogenesis
- New Synapses
- Strengthened Synapses
- Weakened Synapses
Who introduced the term neuroplasticity to describe how the brain can change throughout life?
Ernesto Lugaro
TRUE OR FALSE: Every time we learn something new, we harness the power of neuroplasticity
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Neuroplasticity takes place only when the brain incurs a damage from diseases such as stroke, seizures, and degenerative conditions
False
NOTE: It happens every single day, regardless of our age and health
TRUE OR FALSE: There is still recovery at more than 6 months after having stroke
True
Skills becomes ingrained in us
A. Neurogenesis
B. New Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
D. Weakened Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
There is improvement in communication between neurons
A. Neurogenesis
B. New Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
D. Weakened Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
This is when connections in the brain that aren’t used
A. Neurogenesis
B. New Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
D. Weakened Synapses
D. Weakened Synapses
New skills and experiences create new neural connections
A. Neurogenesis
B. New Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
D. Weakened Synapses
B. New Synapses
Repetition and practice strengthens neural connections
A. Neurogenesis
B. New Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
D. Weakened Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
This develop new neurons in certain parts that need rewiring
A. Neurogenesis
B. New Synapses
C. Strengthened Synapses
D. Weakened Synapses
A. Neurogenesis
_________ is the most important variable in learning a motor skill
Practice
Source: Therapeutic Exercise Course Manual for Pediatric & Neuro PT (Lipardo, 2013)
This type of plasticity are experiences or memories inculcated in the brain or body
Structural Plasticity
This type of plasticity are actual reorganization changes seen in your brain using ancillary procedures
Functional Plasticity
Based on the principles of neuroplasticity, ______ are turned on based upon your motivation/mood
“Neuroplasticity switches”
Positive motivation/mood means bigger brain change. More practice means more brain change
A. All statements are correct
B. All statements are incorrect
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
A. All statements are correct
Based on the principles of neuroplasticity, what kind of brain does humans have that may be a blessing and a curse?
“use it or lose it” brain,
- Set of internal process associated with practice and experience
- Ability to regulate or direct the mechanism essential to movement
- Occur within a fraction of seconds
- Integration of different systems
- Study of posture and movements controlled by central commands and spinal reflexes
A. Motor Control
B. Motor Learning
- B
- A
- A
- A
- A
Motor Learning should be (1)____ and have a (2)______ movement
- task specific
- goal directed
Determine the bright and dark side of neuroplasticity.
- can overcome depression, addiction, obsessive compulsive patterns, and ADHD
- learns whatever is repeated
- learn new ways of being and responding to conflict
- have the capacity to change
- may entrench depressive, anxious, obsessive, addictive, and over-reactive patterns
A. Bright
B. Dark
- A
- B
- A
- A
- B
NOTE: In #2, the brain is neutral and doesn’t know what is good & bad. It just learns everything
- Age-related processes of change in motor behavior
- Activation happens from hours to weeks
- Control and organization of processes underlying motor behavior
- Acquisition of skill through practice and experience
- Activation happens in milliseconds
A. Motor Control
B. Motor Learning
C. Motor Development
- C
- B
- A
- B
- A
______ is the highest level of motor control, combining mobility and stability
Skill
Source: Therapeutic Exercise Course Manual for Pediatric & Neuro PT (Lipardo, 2013)
Therapists are often referred to as?
Applied Motor Control Physiologists
Based on the principles of neuroplasticity, internal thinking/feelings cannot change the brain. Rehearsing relevant brain connections weakens irrelevant connections
A. All statements are true
B. All statements are false
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
The ______ model a framework in rehabilitating patients.
ITE (individual, task, environment)
Source: Therapeutic Exercise Course Manual for Pediatric & Neuro PT (Lipardo, 2013)
These are memorized motor patterns used to perform a movement or skill, that are stored in the motor area of the brain
Engram Motor Program
TRUE OR FALSE: In stroke patients, engrams are lost
True
What kind of feedback is favorable to be given to patient’s with Parkinson’s disease?
Summed feedback
NOTE: Pts with parkinson’s disease has bradyphrenia (slowness in thought processing) and cannot handle concurrent feedbacks
Motor Control is the process of initiating, directing, and grading purposeful voluntary movement. Motor Learning is the process of learning and performing motor skills
A. All statements are true
B. All statements are false
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
NOTE: The 2nd statement is still the definition for motor control
Motor control is the process of (1)_____, (2)_____, and (2)_____ purposeful voluntary movement
1.initiating
2. directing
3. grading
Determine the premise of the following motor control theories.
- Voluntary movements initiated by “Will”
- Multiple body systems overlap to activate synergies for movements organized around functional goals.
- Movement is controlled by stimulus-response.
A. Reflex Theory
B. Dynamical Systems Theory
C. Hierarchical Theories
D. Motor Program Theory
E. Ecological Theories
F. Systems Model
- C
- F
- A
Determine the premise of the following motor control theories.
- Reflexes are the basis for movement & combine into actions that create behavior.
- Reflexive movements dominate only after CNS damage.
A. Reflex Theory
B. Dynamical Systems Theory
C. Hierarchical Theories
D. Motor Program Theory
E. Ecological Theories
F. Systems Model
- A
- C
Determine the premise of the following motor control theories.
- Patterns of movements self-organize within the characteristics of the environment and the existing body systems
- Motivation to do a movement facilitates learning.
- Adaptive & generalized motor programs control actions that have common characteristics.
A. Reflex Theory
B. Dynamical Systems Theory
C. Hierarchical Theories
D. Motor Program Theory
E. Ecological Theories
F. Systems Model
- B
- E
- D
Determine the premise of the following motor control theories.
- Cortical centers control movement in a top-down manner
- Pt, task, & environment interact to influence motor behavior & learning.
- Functional synergies are developed through practice and experience & solve the problem of coordination movements
A. Reflex Theory
B. Dynamical Systems Theory
C. Hierarchical Theories
D. Motor Program Theory
E. Ecological Theories
F. Systems Model
- C
- E
- B
Match the brain structure involved with the following sensation.
- Vestibular
- Visual
- Somatosensory
A. Cerebellum
B. Motor cortex
C. Basal ganglia
- A
- C
- B
Determine the kind of motor task.
- One by one tasks
- Scoot forward, move feet backwards, bend trunk, stand foward
- pushing opposite foot backwards
- swimming
- walking
A. Discrete
B. Serial
C. Continuous
- A
- B
- A
- C
- C
Determine the kind of motor task.
- climbing up the stairs
- lifting a box
- Without a definite beginning and end
- Comprise of discrete tasks done together
A. Discrete
B. Serial
C. Continuous
- C
- A
- C
- B
Enumerate the ITE model
Individual, Task, Environment
Enumerate the 3 stages of learning
- Cognitive
- Associative
- Autonomous
Who formulated the 3 stage model of learning?
Fitts and Posner
Identify the stage of learning.
- Part where pt does movement with finesse and ease
- Movement appears to be robotic, large
- Characterized by large number of gross errors committed through trial and error
- No error-detection and correction mechanisms
- Highly variable performance
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous
- C
- A
- A
- A
- A
Identify the stage of learning.
- Learning becomes fully automatic
- Conveyance and acquisition of new information
- Translation of declarative knowledge into procedural knowledge
- Fundamental of motor skills are already learned
- Characterized by no need for close attention on task during performance
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous
- C
- A
- B
- B
- C
Identify the stage of learning.
- Ability to self-correct
- Processing Environmental variables
- At this point, the pt would try to make the movement smoother as compared to when he learned the activity for the first time
- Movements are now simple but there are still errors
- Characterized by reduced variability in performance
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous
- C
- A
- B
- B
- B
This model describes the level of skill acquisition and is based on controlling DOF of the body segments. It is usually used in sports rehabilitation
Systems Three-Stage Model
Determine the type of environment:
Everything needed for the exercise will be strict from equipment to setting that the pt will be doing the exercise
A. Closed Predictable Environment
B. Open Unpredictable Environment
A. Closed Predictable Environment
Determine the type of environment:
Equipment that is cited on the table is much progressive, dynamic, and sometimes uses a much unstable surface
A. Closed Predictable Environment
B. Open Unpredictable Environment
B. Open Unpredictable Environment
Intrinsic feedback is ______ in nature
somatosensory
This is a repeated practice of a task in a predictable order
blocked practice
This is a task done repeatedly
Constant practice
TRUE OR FALSE: Serial practice is a repeating continuous practice
False
It is predictable but a non-repeating
This is a practice with several variations of the same task or within the same category of movements
Variable practice
Group training increases motivation. Amount of practice best determines gains in residual movement ability
A. All statements are true
B. All statements are false
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
A. All statements are true
Motor learning is the process of acquiring a skill by which the learner, through mental practice and imagination, refines and makes automatic the desired movement. It is an external neurologic process that results in the ability to produce a new motor task
A. All statements are true
B. All statements are false
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
B. All statements are false
Motor learning are sets of internal processes associated with (1)_____ or (2)_____ leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability of skilled behavior
- practice
- experience
Identify the stage of learning.
- Performance seems unconscious
- Small gains, disjointed performance, conscious effort
- Motor stage
- Verbal-motor stage
- Large gains, inconsistent performance
A. Cognitive
B. Associative
C. Autonomous
- C
- B
- B
- A
- A
Determine the stages of the systems three-stage model.
- Novice
- Advance
- Expert
Determine the stages of the systems three-stage model.
- Appears robotic
- All degrees of freedom are present
- Appear to be well-coordinated
- Learner begins to release additional degree of freedom, more joint movement
- Learner simplifies movement by freezing DOF
A. Novice
B. Advance
C. Expert
- A
- C
- B
- B
- A
In the expert stage of the systems three-stage model, the movements as (1)____ and (2)_____
- efficient
- coordinated
This model emphasizes the goal of learning in each stage. In here, an individual starts on getting the idea of the movement then learn to memorize or recall it
Gentile’s Two Stage Model
Determine the stage in Gentile’s Two Stage Model.
- Perform tasks consistently and efficiently
- Adapt movement to changing task and environmental demands
- Understand goal of task
- Develop movement strategies appropriate to achieve the goals
- Understanding relevant environmental features
A. Getting the Idea of the Moment
B. Movement Fixation & Diversification
- B
- B
- A
- A
- A
TRUE OR FALSE: Skill in performance increases as a direct result of practice.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Feedback is the single most important factor responsible for permanent improvement in the ability to perform a motor skill, that is for learning to occur.
False
It is practice.
Who is known for the concept of “classical conditioning”
Ivan Pavlov
Everytime we learn something new, we harness the power of neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity can be considered as learning.
A. All statements are true
B. All statements are false
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
A. All statements are true
Practice leads to teams of cells cooperating, leading to more reliable change. Initial brain change is permanent
A. All statements are true
B. All statements are false
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
D. 1st statement is false, 2nd is true.
C. 1st statement is true, 2nd is false.
The ______ drives the motor pattern in an action
environment
_______ is the integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information for an individual
Perception
The following are early definitions of motor learning, EXCEPT:
A. Learning is a process of acquiring the capability of skilled action
B. Learning results from experience and practice
C. Learning can be measured directly
D. Learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior
E. None
C. Learning can be measured directly
NOTE: Learning cannot be measured directly but based on behavior
What are the 3 forms of learning?
- non-associative/ cognitive
- associative
- procedural/ autonomous
Determine the 3 forms of learning.
- Task learned automatically or without conscious thought
- Getting used to a certain movement or set of sensation
- Once individual perform it, they do it without thinking how to do it
- Able to relate them to particular tasks and activity
- Habituation, Sensitization
A. non-associative
B. associative
C. procedural
- C
- A
- C
- B
- A
Based on Gentile’s 2 stage model, (1)______ creates a much refined movement pattern, while an (2)_____ is learning how to diversify the movement.
- closed skill
- open skill
What are the stages of the transtheoretical model.
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Termination
Determine the stages of the transtheoretical model
- Have made modifications, prevent relapse
- Aware problem exists, are thinking about changing
- No temptation to relapse to a faulty movement pattern
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Action
E. Maintenance
F. Termination
- E
- B
- F
Determine the stages of the transtheoretical model
- Intention to take action to change
- Not aware, uninformed, no intention to change
- Make modifications in their behavior
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Action
E. Maintenance
F. Termination
- C
- A
- D
The following are general effects of a stroke, EXCEPT:
A. Easily fatigue
B. Foot Drop
C. Decreased Speed of Walking
D. Decreased stability and balance
E. None
E. None
The following are the static position of a stroke patient suffering from a spastic synergistic pattern, EXCEPT:
A. MCP flexion
B. PIP & DIP Flexion
C. Elbow flexed
D. Forearm pronation
E. None
B. PIP & DIP Flexion
The following are the static position of a stroke patient suffering from a spastic synergistic pattern, EXCEPT:
A. Hip flexion
B. Ankle PF
C. Knee flexion
D. Hip ER
E. None
E. None
The following are the static position of a stroke patient suffering from a spastic synergistic pattern, EXCEPT:
A. SH IR
B. SH Abd
C. SH flexion
D. Wrist radial deviation
E. None
B. SH Abd
When a (R) stroke pt is standing c ankle in PF, where will the trunk lean?
left
NOTE: When foot is planted, it will lean on R.
_____ is the second most important variable that influence learning, the first being practice
Feedback
Source: Therapeutic Exercise Course Manual for Pediatric & Neuro PT (Lipardo, 2013)
All patients with stroke should commence mobilization (out of bed activity) within (1)_____ hrs of stroke onset unless receiving (2)______
- 48
- palliative care
Enumerate the general goals of a PT
- Restore Balance
- Re-Educate Mobility
- Promote Functional Movement
TRUE OR FALSE: The concept of “the brain is always learning new things” is a bright side of neuroplasticity.
False.
This means that the brain learns everything and cannot identify what is good and bad.
Stroke pts suffer from a condition called the _________________, wherein they do not use a specific body part and eventually loses it.
learned non-use cycle/phenomenon
The most common gait deviation in stroke patients is the?
circumducting gait
The following are consistend with how a pt with circumducting gait will manifest, EXCEPT:
A. Decreased hip extension at the end of the stance
B. Decreased hip flexion in pre swing
C. Decreased knee flexion at toe off and mid swing
D. Decreased ankle PF at toe off
E. Increased knee flexion at foot contact
B. Decreased hip flexion in pre swing
NOTE: this happens in mid swing
Augmented feedback is usually categorized as (1)_____ and (2)______.
- knowledge of results (KR)
- knowledge of performance (KP)
TRUE OR FALSE: Knowledge of results (KR) is an externally presented information related to achievement of the goal of the action, or outcome
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Knowledge of performance (KP) provides information about how the movement was performed
True
This is feedback given while the patient is carrying out a task
Concurrent feedback
TRUE OR FALSE: You cannot learn when you are not motivated
True
This is also known as the verbal motor stage
Cognitive stage
