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PS1814 Introduction to Psychology > S1 Wk 9 - Evolution and Anatomy of the Brain > Flashcards

S1 Wk 9 - Evolution and Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What is evolution

A

Evolution is change over time

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2
Q

What are Darwin’s two central Concepts in his theory of evolution

A

Adaptation - the ability to adapt changing environments

Natural selection - process by which some species’ variations are passed on and others are not

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3
Q

Darwins four principles

A

Plant and animal species are dynamic over time

evolution is gradual and continuous

natural selection occurs with and without environmental change

universal common ancestry

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4
Q

Natural selection
what is survival of the fittest

A

Survival and reproductive success

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5
Q

Two types of variation

A

Variability in traits

genetic variation - mutations in DNA

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6
Q

Four types of competition

A

Overproduction of offspring

the environment cannot support unlimited population growth

competition within species for resources

selection - traits a past on

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7
Q

what did Mendel do with his peas

A

planted peas
all plants had purple flowers

looked at round seed and wrinkled seeds

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8
Q

what did Mendel and his peas help to explain

A

that we have one gamete from dad one from mum and they combine together

dominant / recessive genes

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9
Q

what is a phenotype

A

observable traits

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10
Q

what is a genotype

A

genetic composition

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11
Q

what does DNA stand for and what is it

A

Deoxyribonuleic acid

molecule with a double helix

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12
Q

what is a gene

A

section of DNA
can be anywhere to 200 base pairs to 2 million

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13
Q

what are the 4 types of base pairs

A

adenine - thymine
guanine - cytosine
thymine - adenine
cytosine - guanine

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14
Q

what is a codon

A

3 x nucleotides

code for specific amino acids or terminate translation

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15
Q

what was the Human Genome Project

A

1990 - 2003
goal was to map human genetic code
in march 2022 they completed entire genomic sequence (identified 3 billion bases)

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16
Q

what happens during transcription and translation

A

transcription: segment of DNA is copied into messenger ribonuleic acid (mRNA)

translation: process of protein synthesis

transfer RNA (tRNA): carries an amino acid to the ribosome - becomes a protein

17
Q

what are mendels 3 laws of Heredity

A

Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Dominance

18
Q

what is the law of segregation

A

Each inherited trait is define by a gene pair

Offspring inherit one genetic allele from each parent when sex cells unite in fertilization

19
Q

what is Law of Independent Assortment:

A

Genes for different traits are sorted separately from one another

Inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.

20
Q

what is Law of Dominance:

A

If the alleles at a locus differ, the dominant allele will be expressed.

21
Q

book of Darwin and Mendel

A

The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection

22
Q

what is an epigenome

A

chemical compounds that can regulate the activity of genes

not part of the DNA sequence - attached or added to DNA

23
Q

how does culture / adaptation to environment affect species

A

gene variants linked with different strategies

can help survival and ability to reproduce

behaviours – learnt over time – selection for these behaviours

24
Q

how is brain size calculated

A

cranial capacity (cm3 / cc = US English)

25
Q

names for front back top and bottom of brain

A

Front - anterior (rostral)
Back - posterior (caudal)
Top - superior (dorsal)
Bottom - inferior (ventral)

26
Q

what is a pyramidal cell

A

type of neuron

27
Q

3 cortical layers regionally specific

A

primary sensory cortex

association cortex

primary motor cortex

28
Q

names of the 6 layers of cell

A

Molecular

External granular

External pyramidal

Internal granular

Internal pyramidal

Multiform

29
Q

name of a non-neuronal cell

A

glial cells

30
Q

how many cells are in the brain

A

86.06 billion neurons
84.81 billion non-neurons

31
Q

list of 6 neuroanatomy
place and function

A

Frontal lobe - higher cognitive functions

Parietal lobe - sensation, perception and integration

Temporal lobe - hearing and memory

Occipital lobe - vision

Cerebellum - movement and balance

Brainstem - basic body functions

32
Q

2 subcortical structures

A

Hippocampus - memory
Amygdala - emotion

33
Q

brain stem structures - 3

A

midbrain - motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, temp regulation
pons - involuntary movements, regulation of respiration
medulla oblongata - control of ventilation, heart rate, blood pressure, reflexes, autonomic nervous system

34
Q

what is heritability

A

proportion of phenotypic variation (trait) attributable to genotypic variation

PS1814 Introduction to Psychology (19 decks)

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