Russia Year 13 - A Level Flashcards

Question

Education: | (Impact of the Bolshevik revolution on Russian society)

Answer 1

- Bols saw universal education vital for great cultural transformation. - (1917) Lunacharsky advocated high-quality mass education. -> Lunacharsky responsible for all schools, with local Soviets in charge of church schools. - (By 1927) Free education that was compulsory for children up to 12 yrs, govt. wanted up to 17 yrs but this was not possible due to insufficient resources. - Prolekult est. to develop working-class activities via many leisure activities, e.g. arts, sports, music etc. - Lunacharsky wanted Prolekalt members to rise to lvl of intelliegentsia. - United Labour School offered education for children of all backgrounds, (progressive teaching style, relaxed discipline and project work rather than exams). - Some Bols opposed this as they saw this as they viewed this as promoting bourgeois values. - Despite never achieving his full programme, Lunacharsky made huge progress. - Under Stalin, vocational training focused on, for more factory apprentices, (he also abandoned progressive teachong styles, and bought back class divisions into education). - Lunacharsky removed from his post. - Under Stalin, manu schools turned into means of skill development in modern industrial society + Unis seen as industries for economic growth. - Under Stalin, things like nationalism were promoted + Military training introduced

Answer 2

- Lenin + Bols leaders atheists who accepted Marx's claim that religion was invented by ruling classes to keep people docile. - Orthodox Church viewed a rivaling national control, (for Bols, communism was the only religion that should be worshipped). - (1917) All church lands taken away, Bols take over churches + local Soviets use Churches for services. - Cheka arrest 100s of priests, and peasents elect their own priests due to their disapproval of the Cheka's actions. - Govt. ridiculed religious services, and secular holidays replace religous holidays, e.g. May Day, Revolution day etc. - Red baptisms and weddings encouraged, with children being 'Octobered' rather than baptised. - Couples took their marriage vows in front of portrait of Lenin rather than an altar. - (Feb 1922) Local soviets ordered valuables to be removed from churches + reports of violent clashes across nation from people's resistance. - This led to Politburo members seeing tis as counter-productive and even voting to end confiscations. - Lenin was furious and he overruled the Politburo here. - (1922-1923) 7k clergy killed in clashes + 8k bishops killed. - Due to high Jewish Bols membership, Jews had an easy time. - (Post 1917) Jewish restrictions lifted. - During Civil War, Jewish faced vicious attacks from Whites and Ukrainian nationalists. - Ukrainian nationalists resented Ukrainian Jews not wanting Ukrainian self-determination, - Most Muslims remained hostile towards regime, as the Bols govt. attempted to reach out to the 15m Muslims in Central Asia.

Answer 3

- Lenin being 'power-crazed' and fanatical is unconvincing - What split Lenin form other revolutionaries was not his intense revolutionism, but his simplistic, brutal understanding of Civil War, which he injected into the Bols ans they bequeathed this. - (Jan 1918) Lenin admitted at the 3rd Congress of Soviets that he got what he wanted. - Lenin thought that the 1871 Paris Commune displayed Civil War powers.

Answer 4

- Lenin thought he would live, and he thought he was the rightful man for the job. - Concerned about the revolution being spoilt, and maybe the dictatorship + conflict. - (1922) Stalin made General Secretary of Politburo, and his role would have been heavily underestimated by many.

Answer 5

- Stalin's role of General Secretary gave him unlimited authority, and Evans was sceptical whether this usage of unlimited authority would be used effectively. - Trotsky is described as having an outstanding personality, as well as being the most capable in Central Committee, with a high desire for administration roles. - Stalin + Trotsky qualities had the potential for a Central Committee indirect split.

Answer 6

(Dec 1922) Lenin decided to dictate his eulogy, read to the Party Congress on his death. - Lenin said Stalin's 'ruthlessness... lack of finesse' didn't make him eligible to succeed him. - Central Committee suppress the former idea (playing into Stalin's hands).

Answer 7

- (Jan 1924) Lenin dies with his coffin being displayed in the Red Square + Lenin personality cult grew - Petrograd renamed Leningrad, with a statue of Lenin in every Russian city.

Answer 8

- (Before the end of 1921) Leadership struggle began before Lenin's death, as Stalin health began to decline. - (May 1922) Lenin starts having strokes. - (Mid 1922) It was clear that Lenin would NOT return to govt. - After Lenin's death, no successor.

Answer 9

- Lenin was the mastermind of the revolution, and was respected by all senior members of the party. - Politburo emerged as the most powerful institution within the govt.

Answer 10

Lenin mentioned about the flawed leadership of other party members: - Accused Trotsky of arrogance and being too willing to use violence. - Accused Stalin of incompetence and rudeness. - Accused Kamenev + Zinoviev of being disloyal to the party. - Accused Bukharin of not fully understanding his ideology. -> At the time, Central Committee did NOT make this public.

Answer 11

- Born in Georgia, and from a peasent background. - Commissar for Nationalities - Supposedly supressed the Georgian uprising. - Commissar for Nationalities in Sovnarkom. - Old Bols member made senior (in 1912). - (1922) Made 'General Secretary' in Politburo.

Answer 12

- A Jew, from a bourgeois background. - Seen as the 'hero' of the Civil War + Formed Red Army. - Formed a powerbase + Regarded by Lenin as the most able man in Central Committee!

Answer 13

- (From 1921) Communists divided over Lenin's NEP, vital in Marxist theory, as some private enterprise was permitted, (Marx's theory of primitive accumulation meant profit was frowned upon). - Left-wing members favoured NEP, whilst right-wing members e.g. Rykov supported its continuation. - Stalin's support from left and right kept changing (until 1925). - Soviet Union remained the only Communist state in the 1920s. - Marx did not believe the idea of one leader being necessary in a socialist state.

Answer 14

- (1906) Joined Bols in 1906. - Had some support in Moscow and from youth. - Lenin branded him as the 'golden bag'. - (1922) Made a Bols senior member.

Answer 15

- Joined Kamenev to oppose timing of 1905 Oct Revolution - Founded Bols party! - A Jew, and a close associate of Lenin (1903-1917). - NOT a Sovnarkom member.

Answer 16

- A Jew, and a long-time Bols member. - Opposed Oct Revolution 1905 with Zinoviev - Edited Pravda, Bols newspaper. - HOWEVER, from a bourgeois background.

Answer 17

- (Dec 1922) Stalin forms alliance with members such as Kamenev, Zinoviev and Stalin. - Stalinist-Bukharin Politburo formed, which may have been a bureaucratic move on Lenin's behalf. - Stalinist-Bukharin Politburo saw Stalin ally Bukharin (Stalin has majority with Bukharin). - Stalin accuses Central Committee of factionism + Zinoviev removed from Politburo. -> (Jan 1925) Due to Stalin giving Trotsky the wrong date for Lenin's funeral, as wells as Trotsky's ideas being rejected, Trotsky publishes 'Lessons of October'. - (Dec 1925) Trostky removed from Commisar of War. - (Jul 1926) At the 14th Party Congress, Stalin + Bukharin adopt similar views on economic policy+ Zinoviev and Kamenev lose every vote after a no confidence call on Stalin + Bukharin steps down with Stalinist-Bukharin gaining majority. - (Nov 1926) Kamenev + Zinoviev join Trotsky in left-wing 'United Opposition', and Zinoviev is removed from Politburo after Stalin accuses the two of factionism. - (Dec 1929) Stalin officially the Soviet leader. | (check google drive)

Answer 18

- Leniency of Lenin's idea of permitting private ownership may have been temporary. - Stalin's switch back to a left-wing approach would have been due to the food shortages. - Some argue that one leader was neccessary, as the Civil War meant changes had to be made.

Answer 19

Ideology: - Ability to influence others, being decisive, unapolegetic, pre-existing ideologies (Marxism), maode of opinion/speech etc. Practicality: - Morality, opposition, economic and social realities, (WW1) etc.

Answer 20

- Capitalism can only be neutralised by unleashing warfare - Capitalsits exploit labourers/workers. - Redistribution of wealth and land. - There's unfairness towards the proletariat. - 'Primitive accumulation' means 'profit is theft'. - More leisure is possible due to very high economic activity. - The Communist Manifesto is a diagnosis of the ills of capitalism. - Commodity fetishism makes us value things that have no value. | (Ingels allowed thi e Communist Manifesto to be published).

Answer 21

- Russia lose main food supply of Ukraine. - Russia lose 74% iron ore + coal supplies. - Russia lose 1/6 of its population, (62m people). - Bessearabia given to Romania, (a German ally).

Answer 22

- Before taking power, Lenin's slogan was 'All power to the Soviets'. - Lenin formed Bols-only Sovnarkom, after Bols controlled PS, which had non-Bols socialists. - This shows Lenin wanted all power without sharing it. - Sovnarkom ruled by decree without seeking Soviet's approval, and these Soviets would be bought into the Sovnarkom. - Lenin allowed some left SRs in Sovnarkom (Nov 1917), however, he was so hostile about sharing power leading Kamenev + Zinoviev temporarily resigning. - Contradicted with Marxist principle of power for all, but here, Lenin wants all power! | (PS = Provisional Government) + (Jan 1918) 12 protesters killed.

Answer 23

- (Dec 1917) Cheka est. confirmed Lenin's 'dictatorship of the proletariat' outlined in his 'State and Revolution'. - (Aug 1918) 'Red Terror' + 'War Communism' unfolds. - State control seen and with capitalistic practices unfolding, this meant Lenin was following pragmatism more than ideology. - Krondstandt Rebellion may have been an example of a response to all this.

Answer 24

- Menshk controlled Gerogia during Civil War - When Red Army attempted to est. control over Georgia, Stalin convinced Lenin that Georgians overthrew Menshk. - However, it later transpired that heavy fighting was taking place and Bols/communists engaged in overthrowing Georgia's socilist regime wiht force of arms.

Answer 25

- (Dec 1922) Stalin forms alliance with members such as Kamenev, Zinoviev and Stalin. - Stalinist-Bukharin Politburo formed, which may have been a bureacratic move on Lenin's behalf. -> (Jan 1925) Due to Stalin giving Trotsky the wrong date for Lenin's funeral, as wells as Trosky's ideas being rejected, Trotsky publishes 'Lessons of October'. - (Jul 1926) Stalin + Bukharin have similar views on econ policy + Zinoviev and Kamenev attack Stalin and fail to get a vote of no confidence as delegates mostly Stalinists. - (Nov 1926) Stalin accuses Kamenev + Zinoviev pf factionsim after they joined Trotsky's 'United Opposition' + Zinoviev removed from Politburo and Kamenev removed from Central Committee + 'United Opposition' collapses. - (Dec 1929) Stalin officially Soviet leader.

Answer 26

- 'Left' members (Zinoviev, Kamenev etc) were against NEP whilst 'Right' members e.g. Rykov, Bukharin etc favoured NEP. - Soviet Union revolution never spread across nations, contradicting Marxist theory. - (By 1924) Stalin's pragmatic view was 'socialism in one country'. - Another ideological issue was how a single leader was not necessary by Marx, however, Civil War may have justified this.

Answer 27

- Proclaimed the USSR to be a federation of 11 Soviet republics. - All-Russian Congress of Soviets replaced by a 'Supreme Soviet' (involving Soviet of the Soviet Union and the Soviet of Nationalities). - Each republic had its own supreme soviet + All groups and nations promised autonomy (some independence). - Elections every four years and over 18 yrs can vote + (1945) Over 23 yrs can vote.

Answer 28

- 'Left' members (Zinoviev, Kamenev etc) were against NEP whilst 'Right' members e.g. Rykov, Bukharin etc favoured NEP. - Soviet Union revolution never spread across nations, contradicting Marxist theory. - (By 1924) Stalin's pragmatic view was 'socialism in one country'. - Another ideological issue was how a single leader was not necessary by Marx, however, Civil War may have justified this.

Answer 29

- 'Left' members (Zinoviev, Kamenev etc) were against NEP whilst 'Right' members e.g. Rykov, Bukharin etc favoured NEP. - Soviet Union revolution never spread across nations, contradicting Marxist theory. - (By 1924) Stalin's pragmatic view was 'socialism in one country'. - Another ideological issue was how a single leader was not necessary by Marx, however, Civil War may have justified this.

Answer 30

- Looked democratic + Main purpose may have been to impress foreigners. - Promised rights mostly ignored + Central control over Soviet Republics' budget. - 'Supreme Soviet only met a few days twice a year. - Came across as providing sense of participation rather than having policy-making involvement.

Answer 31

- (Dec 1929) On his 50th birthday, Stalin developed his own cult to inspire confidence. - (1938) 'Short Course' published and was main historical textbook for all educational instititions. - (By 1948) 'Short Course' sold 34m copies. - Stalin's cult of personality showed the power he had within the Soviet Union. + Stalin referred to as the 'Red Tsar.'

Answer 32

- Boost production by 300% + Boost electricity production by 300% - Develop heavy industry. - Double light industry output (e.g. chemicals). -> Positive public reception however, Stalin may have been over-enthusiastic with claiming these things would be achieved in FOUR yrs. - Electricity output trebled + Coal and iron output 2x + Steel production rose by 1/3

Answer 33

- Continue heavy industry development - More emphasis on light industry - Develop communications between industry areas. - Boost engineering + tool-making. -> | POSITIVE| (1934-1936) Highly successful + (1935) Moscow Metro opened + (1937) Volga Canal opened + (1932) Dneiprostro Dan opened and (1937) produced hydro-electric power. -> |POSITIVE|Electricity and chemical production saw immense growth + Steel output trebled + Coal production doubled -> |POSITIVE|(By 1937) Soviet Union virtually self-sufficient. -> | NEGATIVE| No appreciable rise in consumer goods + Oil production failed to meet its targets. + Quantity focused on rather than quality.

Answer 34

- Focus on heavy industry development (this was amplfiied due to fear of war). - Promote rapid rearmament. - Complete transition to communism. ->|POSITIVE| Heavy industry saw high growth. ->|NEGATIVE| Steel production stagnant + Fuel crisis from oil failing to meet targets + Raw material shortage in many industries. -> (1938-1940) Rearmament spending doubled.

Answer 35

- (Aug 1918) Attempt on Lenin's life + (Jul 1918) Tsar and his family shot dead. - (Sep 1918) Sovnarkom permit Cheka to arrest or, question or destroy families that were suspected. - (1921) Approx 8k priests executed for failing to hand over valuable Church posessions - (1918-1921) 500k-1m people shot + usage of gulags.

Answer 36

- (1918) RKSM founded for 14-21 yrs. - (1926) 'Komsomol' est. - Komsomol taught communist values and discouraged smoking and drinking, with most members compliant to thse type of things. - (1939) Komsomol became directly affiliated with the Party

Answer 37

- Lenin + Bols leaders atheists who accepted Marx's claim that religion was invented by ruling classes to keep people docile. - Orthodox Church viewed a rivaling national control, (for Bols, communism was the only religion that should be worshipped). - (1917) All church lands taken away, Bols take over churches + local Soviets use Churches for services. - Cheka arrest 100s of priests, and peasents elect their own priests due to their disapproval of the Cheka's actions. - Govt. ridiculed religious services, and secular holidays replace religous holidays, e.g. May Day, Revolution day etc. - Red baptisms and weddings encouraged, with children being 'Octobered' rather than baptised. - Couples took their marriage vows in front of portrait of Lenin rather than an altar. - (Feb 1922) Local soviets ordered valuables to be removed from churches + reports of violent clashes across nation from people's resistance. - This led to Politburo members seeing tis as counter-productive and even voting to end confiscations. - Lenin was furious and he overruled the Politburo here. - (1922-1923) 7k clergy killed in clashes + 8k bishops killed. + (1923) 'The Godless' published and in (1925) they co-ordinated anti-religious propaganda. - Due to high Jewish Bols membership, Jews had an easy time. - (Post 1917) Jewish restrictions lifted. - During Civil War, Jewish faced vicious attacks from Whites and Ukrainian nationalists. - Ukrainian nationalists resented Ukrainian Jews not wanting Ukrainian self-determination, - Most Muslims remained hostile towards regime, as the Bols govt. attempted to reach out to the 15m Muslims in Central Asia.

Answer 38

- Boost production by 300% + Boost electricity production by 300% - Develop heavy industry. - Double light industry output (e.g. chemicals). -> Positive public reception however, Stalin may have been over-enthusiastic with claiming these things would be achieved in FOUR yrs.

Answer 39

- Continue heavy industry development - More emphasis on light industry - Develop communications between industry areas. - Boost engineering + tool-making. -> | POSITIVE| (1934-1936) Highly successful + (1935) Moscow Metro opened + (1937) Volga Canal opened + (1932) Dneiprostro Dan opened and (1937) produced hydro-electric power. -> |POSITIVE|Electricity and chemical production saw immense growth + Steel output trebled + Coal production doubled -> |POSITIVE|(By 1937) Soviet Union virtually self-sufficient. -> | NEGATIVE| No appreciable rise in consumer goods + Oil production failed to meet its targets.

Answer 40

- Focus on heavy industry development (this was amplfiied due to fear of war). - Promote rapid rearmament. - Complete transition to communism. ->|POSITIVE| Heavy industry saw high growth. ->|NEGATIVE| Steel production stagnant + Fuel crisis from oil failing to meet targets + Raw material shortage in many industries. -> (1938-1940) Rearmament spending doubled.

Answer 41

-Due to Stalin and perhaps Lenin, who rejected his ideas.... + Stalin gave Trotsky wrong date for Lenin's funeral!

Answer 42

- Electricity output trebled - Coal + iron output doubled - Steel production rises by 1/3 + New railways, engineering plant, hydroelectric power schemes HOWEVER... - Chemical industry targets missed + food-processing and other consumers industries neglected -> Low no. skilled workers + ineffective central control for efficient development. -> Industrial works small

Answer 43

- 'War Communism' failed due to war and other issues. - NEP directed solely at enhancing Russia's economy WITHIN THEIR ECONOMIC STRUCTURE. + NEP missed industry! -> no industrial development -

Answer 44

- Stalin's industrial revolution of 1928 gave the Soviet Union its modern character. - The second revolution completed the work of Lenin + Old Bolsheviks.

Answer 45

- 'Great Turn' saw the change from the NEP to the Five Year Plans + collectivisation of agriculture.

Answer 46

- The First Five Year Plan (1928-1932) - The Second Five Year Plan (1933-1937) - The Third Five Year Plan (1938-1942) - Collectivisation

Answer 47

- Compared to the sun + seen as infallible - Heavily mentioned in the press

Answer 48

- Party congresses called less frequently (perhaps few days 2x yearly) - Nomenklatura + dual membership (party and govt. officials) ensured party control. - Stalin used 'apparat' to control important appointments + 'apparat' controlled Nomenklatura, giving Stalin important roles throughout Soviet society. - Lenin's enrolment party membersip 2x to 1m (1930-1933) + New members mostly young who saw the benefits of Stalin's policies, as wells as being attracted by 'nationalist' policies. | (1922 - Stalin was General Secretary)

Answer 49

(1936 Constitution) - Bukharin sets this up - Politburo make decisions + Stalin would pick certain committes to review ideas/policies. - Soviet republics perhaps renamed 'Supreme Soviets.'

Answer 50

- To 'annihilate the Kulaks as a class' in Stalin's words. (Stage 1) - Stalin believed that Kulaks + richer peasents caused grain problems. (Stage 2) - Stage 2 came about die to the need for better machinery e.g. tractors + 2.5k machine tractor stations est.

Answer 51

- (By Mar 1930) 58% peasents households had been collectivised via force + propaganda. - 150k richer peasents forced to migrate from north and east regions to poorer land. - Collectivization entailed frightening poore rpeasents into joining Kolkhoz collectives. - Red Army + Cheka heavily monitored Kulaks.

Answer 52

- 'Dekulakization' removed 10m successful farmers from their positions. - Grain output didn't exceed pre-collectivization levels until (after 1935). - (Oct 1931) Drought hit many agricultural areas + (1932) Ukraine famine + (Aug 1932) A law declaed that anyone who stole from a collective could be jailed for 10 yrs. - Peasent saw little incentive to work hard + profits non-existent. - (By 1941) All households collectivised. - HOWEVER, 71% of milk produced in the Soviet Union produced through private plots. ## Footnote 52% of vegetables and 70% meat produced via private plots.

Answer 53

- Like a 'double-edged' sword - It introduced efficiency via MTS - It eliminated opposition somewhat - Overambitious as it somewhat resembles War Communism - People killed their own crops | Kolkhoz were the giant industrial farms.

Answer 54

Successes: -> Stalin claimed that it was successful. -> (1930-1931) Grain exports rose sharply -> (1933) Exports 10x higher than in (1929). -> Peasents still somehwat permitted to sell produce from their own private plots. Failures: -> Total grain production did not increase at all (less in 1934 than in 1928). -> Kulaks excluded from collective farms. -> Collective farmers not paid wages + Farming profts divided by no. workdays by farmer. -> Holdomor -> Private plots may have been more successful.

Answer 55

- May have achieved practical aims with Stakhanov (Aug 1934). -> Practical aims perhaps achieved. - Living standards of Sovet workers were lowest priority -> Compromising ideology as the Communist Manifesto stated that there's unfairness towards the proletariat - (After 1917) Trade unions declined into powerlessness + workers' rights disappeared -> Compromise in ideology as Communist Manifesto alluded to how trade unions and workers' rights need to be a priority. - Soviet Russia militarily for war, as USSR triumphed against Nazism in WW2 -> Practical aims perhaps achieved.

Answer 56

- (1930s) Education + healthcare free + 30k cinemas and sports facilities - 'Kul'turnost' encouraged personal hygiene and not spitting on the floor | HOWEVER, this contradicted poor conditions - Workers' hair properly cut - 'State paternalism' gave the isea that the population were like children + (Mar 1936) Komsomol press launch a campaign condemning 'dirty talk' - People more kind-hearted and cordial -> Perhaps, neighbours won't denounce eachother to avoid gulags + Better kindness to appear more civilised.

Answer 57

- (Aug 1934) Stakhanov supposedly extracted 102 tonnes of coal in 5 hrs and 45 mins. -> No bonuses + led to wage differentials. - This became a way of forcing management to support their workers. - Workers still unhappy with conditions, etc. | (An attempt to make Russia more advanced in Soviet lines) ## Footnote Proletarianisation and class warfare two differenet things.

Answer 58

- (1922-1923) Lenin's attack on Russia Orthodox Church became more tolerant towards religous groups. - Breakaway groups formed by priests + head of the Orthodox Chruch was deposed. - (1925) Tikhon died + in his will, it transpired that he advised the Christians to support the govt. + League of Militant Godless est. which was an anti-religous propaganda - Many priests opposed collectivization (relations between Church and state soruced) - 100s of churches vandalised - (1925-1940) No. of working priests reduced from 60k to 6k. - (By 1941) 1 in 40 church buildings still functioning as churches. - (By 1942) With Leningrad + Moscow under Germam threat and with the war going bad for the Russians, Stalin allowed churches, mosques and synagogues to be opened again.

Answer 59

- People talked about 'getting hold of it', as when they saw a queue, they would first join it, and then ask what was on offer. - Rapid growth of the urban population brought more hardship as Soviet residents often found their homes. - Rapid growth of the urban population led to Soviet residents finding their homes transferred into a 'communal apartment', and large houses had people living in corridors and under staircases. - Work made a 'nightmare', as there were severe shortages of things + transport issues + Leningrad 'hopelessly overcrowded' - People coped via private trade (may have been a second episode of NEP), may have created an 'illegal economy'. - Moscow residents may have been more privileged as their underground was 'state of the art'.

Answer 60

- Workers have to achieve quota - Bourgeois forced into manual labour - Bols need this conflict to keep revolution alive - Impacted many different areas of life

Answer 61

- Creating the socialist man - 1st spell: 'Worker power' - 2nd spell: Labour discipline tightened - Freedoms for workers never really returned - Private life may have been abolished

Answer 62

- Women expected in factory work + housework - Girls given same education as boys. - Impacts entail how they were more innovative compared to other nations - Women had many rights earlier than other nations

Answer 63

- (By 1927) Education free and compulsory up to 12 yrs not 17 yrs. - 1st time in Russia where there are unified schools. - Value of an individual depended on your output! (In work)

Answer 64

- (1918) RKSM est. 14-21 yrs + (1920s) became a division for the Communist party. - (1926) RKSM rebranded as 'Komsomol', heavily used in Stalin era. - Regards to religion, Bols were atheistic based on exploitation of working class. - Communism was somewhat being branded as a religion + Orthodox Church was communism's biggest threat here. | (1920s) Called the 'silver age'

Answer 65

- Self-determination permitted, however, this encouraged nationalistic movements. - This impacts reverberated around the USSR. - With propaganda, Soviet aviators + Arctic explorers given good account in the press + Stalin's 'cult of personality'.

Answer 66

- Under Stalin, campaigns against bourgeiosie intensified -> New socialist man would serve the state - Stalin halted NEP - Class-based attacks began in the countryside ## Footnote (A paradox with ideology was perhaps when workers' rights were lowest priority)

Answer 67

- Proletariat diversified, partyl perhaps due to Stalin's purges. - Proletariat had to be motivated ideologically, perhaps rather than financially. - Metallurgy, textiles, carpentry production rose significantly - Harsh living + working conditions persisted throughout NEP - Rise in working hrs with 6-7 days working. - Stakhanovite movement perhaps made bonuses for pay.

Answer 68

- (1928) Weddings rings banned - (1930s) Stalin said traditional family was the way - Divorce + abortion discouraged - (1936) Contraception banned + Fines for divorce - (1940) 13m women in industrial works

Answer 69

- Quota system, many working-class children's secondary school places in (1935). - Core subjects were Russian language + literature - (By 1941) 94% of 9-49 year olds literate. - Encouraged physical work + vocational work. - Teachers could be blamed and purged for peasants' failure. - Nationalism promoted - Education may have provided social mobility.

Answer 70

- Burzhui (those in professions e.g. merchants, officers) v peasent prosperity - During Civil War, allocations depended on 'work-value' - (1921) NEP bought in

Answer 71

- This is the idea of turning the mass populace into urban workers - The idea of a 'socialist man' - Labour discipline tightened - (1921) Workers could be improsioned or even shot if they failed to meet their targets + Unions made a means for keeping workers under control - Harsh working and living conditions continued throughout NEP - This perhaps worsened in Stalin's early years, with things like collectivisation | (1935) Rationing phased out

Answer 72

- Weddings rings re-introduced + New-style wedding certificates - (1936) Adultery criminalised + Contraception banned and only permitted for medical reasons + Tax exemptions for families with 6 or more children with every additional child to ten in the family + Large fees introduced to deter divorce - (1928-1940) Female industrial workers rose from 3m to 13m

Answer 73

- (From 1932) All writers had to belong to the 'Union of Soviet Writers' - (1920s) 'Silver age' of Russian literature and poetry - Soviet aviators and Arctic explorers highly promoted in press - (1939-40) 2m jews incorporated into USSR (due to invasion of eastern Poland and the Baltic republics)

Answer 74

- Shakhty show trial saw 53 engineers accused of 'counter-revolutionary activity' + 5 executed and 44 got long prison sentences - Yagoda put in charge to see how to better use labour camps, and discovered corrective labour camps + Prisoners would work by extracting metals etc + People beleived this would aid economic growth | (Shakhty show trial showed how Stalin wanted to scapegoat issues)

Answer 75

- (Nov 1932) Stalin's wife committed suicide + Left a note criticising Stalin's policies - Two opposition groups emerge from Party elite ('old Bolsheviks' and the rightist 'Ryutin Platform') + They disapproved of Stalin's politics + Stalin called for their execution but Kirov in particular refused - 24 expelled from Party + Ryutin imprisoned for ten years + (1937) Stalin had Ryutin shot + 18% of Party labelled as 'Ryunites'

Answer 76

- At 17th Party Congress, Stalin announced anti-Leninist opposition had been defeated. - At Central Committte elections, split occured with some wanting collectivization to continue and some wanting it to stop (including Kirov) - Kirov and others given title 'Secretary of Equal Rank' (Stalin may have done this to spread responsibility of economic crisis) - (Dec 1934) Kirov murdered by Nikolayev + Yagoda had 6.5k people arrested from this - However, Nikolayev did not seem to be linked with left opposition upon question + Kirov's bodyguard and some NKVD men mysteriously killed in car accident before they could give evidence + (1938) Yagoda pleaded guilty for allowing Nikolayev to get to Kirov (this may have been under duress)

Answer 77

- (1937-38) Great Purges merged with the Yezhovschinna - This 'Great Terror' were directed at all 'ordinary citizens - Persecution peaked in mid-1937 and lasted until (Dec 1938) - (Jul 1937) Arrest list of 250k people drawn up (artists, writers, scientists etc) as Politburo condemned anti-Soviet elements in Russian society + Quota system est. to find oppositionists - (1938) Yezhov resigned as NKVD chief and became People's Commisar for Water Transport + (End of '38) Stalin reduced arrests as this may have stumped industry growth. | (Dec 1938) Beria replaces Yezhov as NKVD chief.

Answer 78

- (Aug 1936) Show trial involving Kamenev, Zinoviev and 14 others -> In order to gain convictions -> All 16 found guilty of partaking in a Trostky-inspired plot to murder Stalin -> All were executed - (Sep 1936) Yezhov replaced Yagoda as NKVD chief - (Jan 1937) 17 prominent communists put on show trial -> Accused of plotting with Trotsky to spy and sabotage industry -> After supposedly confessing, 13 sentenced to death + Yezhov accused Bukharin of knowing the conspiracy -> Bukharin refused to confess and was expelled from the Party and arrested. ## Footnote ('Road to Terror' suggested evidence that Trotsky was in contact with middle-ranked communist officials to perhaps conspire against Stalin).

Answer 79

- (Feb 1940) Yezhov shot - Out of 1.5m purge cases, 450k quashed, 128k closed + 30k released from gaol + 127k allowed home from the gulags

Answer 80

-> (May-Jun 1937) 8 senior military commanders including Tukhachevsky -> Tortured and forced to sign false confessions -> Of 767 of High Command, 512 executed + 29 died in prison + 13 committed suicide and 59 jailed -> ## Footnote (Mar 1938) 21 Bolsheviks including Bukharin, Rykov + Yagoda interrogated with 13 being sentenced to be shot -> for conspiring with the 'Trotsky-Zinoviev terrorist organisation'

Answer 81

- (Mar 1937) Gamarnik, head of the PUR -> Was persuaded by the military had been infiltrated by spies + He believed drew up a plot to cause discord - (May 1937) Vorshilov's May report didn't just incriminate senior officers but also it removed Tukhachevky from being the Deputy Head of the Red Army to the lower position if the Volga Military District

Answer 82

- (1930s) 30k cinemas + sports facilities - 'kul'turnost' encoruaged personal hygiene conditions and not spitting on the floor + Workers' hair properly cut - State paternalism enforced the idea that the populace were like children + (Mar 1936) Komsomol press launch campaign condemning 'dirty talk' + People more kind (perhaps lower denounciation to swerve NKVD)

Answer 83

- (1921) 150k Party members expulsed + Ban on factions

Answer 84

- (1926-1939) No. of town residents rose from 17% to 33% - (By 1940) USSR overtook Brits in iron and steel production, not far from overtaking Germany - (1939) 9 aircraft factories made + (1938-1941) Rearmament spending rose from 27.5bn roubles to 70.9bn roubles - FYPs - HOWEVER consumer goods more scarcer than they had been under the NEP + despite high growth in heavy industry, perhaps light industry somewhat neglected + (Consumer goods more scarcer than they had been under the NEP)

Answer 85

- Massive changes in arts, fashion, culture, music etc - (1932) All writers had to belong to the 'Palace of Soviets' - White Sea Canal built in Ukraine -> 300k people built it -> 30k died

Answer 86

- (1937-1940) Defence spending rose from 16.5% to 32.6% - Lack of military initiative seen with the war with Finland - Deficiencies in quality and quantity of equipment - (By 1941) USSR manufacturing 230 tanks, 700 military aircraft + Over 100k rifles monthly + Due to high military expenditure -> Insufficient investment into state farm still not producing enough to feed populace

Answer 87

- Germans had a three-pronged attack -> Leningrad in North, Moscow in centre + Kiev and Rostov-on-Don in South - (Nov 1941) Germans knocking on the door of Moscow

Answer 88

- A non-aggression pact between Russia and Germany - Both nations had to shift propaganda to ensure a good perception of the other country. - (1938-1939) Sudetan Crisis, chamberlain compromised with Hitler on Sudetan land - (Mar 1939) Hitler takes Czechoslovakia - (Aug 1939) Ribbentrop pact -> Non-aggression treaty between Germany and USSR | (Jul 1941) Stalin's radio broadcast

Answer 89

- Hitler had 5.5m troops + 2.8k tanks + 5k aircraft and 47k artillery - (Jun 1941) Hitler's assault begun with 66 Soviet airfields attacked - Stalin kept ignoring the warnings he received -> Ignored Eden + (Jan 1941) Ignored Welles' warning + Ignored the German buildup on the Western boardup - Stalin ignored warnings from his own intelligence! -

Answer 90

- 'Old Bols' arrested - (Dec 1917) Cheka - Gulags - (1921) Factions banned

Answer 91

- At the start of Op Barb, Germans had 3.2men and USSR had 2.9m - (16th Oct 1941) Wehrmacht had shortage of 126k men + (Start of Nov 1941) Reds had just 2.2m men facing Germans - Luftwaffe far more superior than the Soviet Air Force (despite the 'Shtarmovik'). - Germans took 100k USSR troops captive + (8th Dec 1941) Reds prevailing over Germans as winter came - Reds split into autonomous battalions... - Soviet aviation came a long way since this - Russia had advanced T34 gearbox

Answer 92

- Soviet aviation came a long way since this - Russia had advanced T34 gearbox - Luftwaffe far more superior than the Soviet Air Force (despite the 'Shtarmovik'). - Zhukov was Field Marshal | (Stalin undermined Soviet intelligence's excellence)

Answer 93

- (Jul 1941) Stalin's radio broadcast - (Jul 1942) 'Kill Him' - Constantine Siminov -> Propaganda against Germans - Propaganda heavily racialised - It was said to say 'Kill the Germans' in the morning and 'Kill the Germans' in the night.

Answer 94

(Sep 1939) Germany invade Poland (Jun 1941) Op Barb underway -> Wehrmacht lead invasion, followed by Einsatzgruppen (Sep 1941) Babi yar saw SS massacre jews (By late 1941) Germans realise that mass shooting of jews had ammunition being wasted (Jan 1942) Final Solution saw 75 extermination facilities built | (Hitler wanted Lebensraum in east)

Answer 95

Evidence yes: - (Jul 1942) Order 227 + NKVD blocking units + 150k sentenced to death under order 227 + (Jun 1941) Stavka est. -> (Jul 1941) Stalin assumes overall military command - State Defence Committee (Stalin was in charge) - Hitler perhaps could use an older narrative to perhaps boost war morale -> 'Mother Russia over 'communism' - Replaced competent military staff over incompetent military staff - Stalin deported minority groups he was sceptical of Evidence no: - Minority groups joined Nazis' side e.g. Vlasov's Russian Liberation Movement joined the Waffen-SS (50k members at its peak) + Over 1m (including 250k) joined Nazis' side - 3/4 army not Communist Party members | (SDC est. by Politburo)

Answer 96

- Uneven economic development - (1939) 9 aircraft factories built + (1938-1941) Rearmamment spending rose from 27.5bn to 70.9bn roubles - Russia producing less grain than under NEP - (1936) Major crop failure weakened Russia's reserves (produced smaller yield than of 1941)

Answer 97

- Communist control in the countryside had grown stronger - Churches closely monitored - (1932) Reintroduction of passports restricted movement - Strict censorhip + Propaganda rife

Answer 98

- (Aug 1941) Stalin dissolved Volga republic and sent its peoples elsewhere (even those who had Communsit Party membership) - Many ethnic groups deported e.g. Chechens, Mesketians etc - 5m members joined Party + (1941-1945) Share of Communist Party members in army rose form 15% to + 20% of Komsomol in army

Answer 99

- (Jul-Nov 1941) 1523 Soviet factories and workers relocated from western Russia and Ukraine to eastern areas - (End of 1942) Military share of budget rose from 29% to 57% + Munitions manufacture 76% of all production + 3.5k new industrial enterprises built during war - New furnaces built in Magnitogorsk in 8 just mnths - (By mid 1943) Soviet weaponry becoming more superior than Germans e.g. T-34, Katysusha rocket launcher and Yak-1 fighter

Answer 100

- (1942) Food harvest just 1/3 of (1940). - Strict rationing and quotas on farms + Peasents permitted to keep private plots - 17.5m tonnes of military equipment shhipped from West to USSR (94% from U.S) - Lend-Lease saw U.S give USSR $11bn of aid - U.S supplied USSR with 6430 planes + 3734 tanks + 104 ships + 210k vehicles + 5m tonnes of food + (By the end of the war) 427k/665k vehicles in USSR from abroad.

Answer 101

- (Dec 1941) All men 16-55 yrs + All women 16-45 yrs had to devote themselves to war effort - Working day rose to 12 hrs + Avg. working week 70-77 hrs + Harsh measures for desertion + To be taken captive - Fuel + Housing shortages -> (1941-42) Harsh winter meant thousands forced to live in huts or tents - (1942) Death rate in labour camps 1/4 + Rations only for those who turned up at work - Over 1/4 of Soviets' 25m deaths during war via starvation + (1941-1945) 8.6m Reds killed in WW2 (avg. daily rate 2x Allies).

Answer 102

- Propaganda heavily racialised -> 'Kill the Germans' morning and nightfall - (1943) 'Internationale' replaced by a new nationalistic song of the Motherland. - New posters with different slogans e.g. 'Everything for Victory' - Artists permitted to spread propaganda - (Aug 1942 - siege of Leningrad) Shostakovich composed his Symphony No.7 'Leningrad'. + Brass players given extra rations to perform + Played on loudspeakers, to aid fascim denunciation - Other artists included Akhmatova

Answer 103

- Stalin restored Church influence during war (from 1942) + Clergymen heavily vetted - However, churches not allowed real autonomy + All Christian factions placed under the control of the Orthodox Church -> This perhaps saw religion become intertwined with the govt.

Answer 104

Positives: - Pavlichenko reportedly killed 309 Germans before her death in (Jun 1942) + Right to inherit family property was re-established - Mothers of over two children made 'heroines of the Soviet Union'. - (Jul 1944) Measures introduced to try and combat falling birth rate + (By 1945) Over 1/2 Soviet workers were female Negatives: -> Taxes rose for those with over two children -> (1930-1945) Women's pay rates fell -> Women's liberty may have perhaps fell as divorce restrictions fell + Stricter abortion control

Answer 105

- Some Soviet citizens + Red Army soldiers lived in occupied territory - (1943-1945) No. of partisans rose from 300k to 1m. - Kosmodemyanskaya made a 'Hero of the Soviet Union' as she cut German telephone cables + Photos of her tortured body became big propaganda - Thousands of innocent villagers massacred in reprisals due to partisan activity.

Answer 106

Stalin: - Seen as a genius, heavily revered + Statues, paintings and cities in honour of Stalin - Soviet serviceman interrogated in 'filtration camps' + Those with seemingly subversive views sent to gulags. Govt: - Stalin wanted to run the USSR the same way as pre-war + Same men served in Politburo after WW2 as in 1939 (Molotov, Voroshilov, Kaganovich, Mikoyan, Andreyev and Khurshcev). - (End of WW2) 25m people in western provinces just had wooden huts to live in + Perhaps 1930s achievements destroyed

Answer 107

- Throughout war, Party membership rose + Party became more unreliable - (4th Sep 1945) GKO dissolved + Stalin took Minister of Defence - Zhukov demoted as Stalin saw him as a rival in adulation | (GKO was the State Defence Committee)

Answer 108

- Malenkov lost his post as Party Secretary due to Zhdanov - Zhdanov became Stalin's closest adviser - Zhdanovschina launched + Rift occured with Zhdanov and his supporters favouring 1948 Berlin blockade + Malenkov wanted more moderate path - Malenkov reappointed to party + Zhdanov's supporters demoted - Stalin still Head of govt. and party | (1948) Zhdanov dies

Answer 109

- (1939-1952) Just 6 full meetings of the Central Committee + Politburo reduced to an advisory body + Party recruitment fell - (By 1952) Party had 7m members + Komsomol had 16m members + Many from 'administrative ranks' - Demographic of party membership changed - Party autonomy destroyed by Stalin

Answer 110

- Zhdanovschina was when Stalin had unparalleled govt. authority + New controls over intellectual life - (1946) Zhdanov launched cultural purge to combat potential Westernisation - Zhdanovschina purges involved Akhmatova's work and Zoshchenko's journal. - Shostakovich and Prokofiev criticised - Reports of 'Anti-Semitism' + (1952) Stalin published views on economic theory which no one challenged - Western influence totally blocked + non-communist foreign papers unobtainable | (1948 - Zhdanov died)

Answer 111

- 12m wartime survivors sent to labour camps in appalling conditions - (Feb 1947) Law passed which outlawed private hotels and marriages to foreigners - NKVD strengthened + MVD and MGB drawn up -> Tens of thousands arrested in these post-war years - MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) and MGB (Ministry of State Security) + MGB forerunner of the KGB | (Post WW2)

Answer 112

- (1949 - Leningrad Case) Stalin stood against 'Leningrad party' which had independence in views and some promoted to senior posts in Moscow + Several leading officials arrested -> Including Vonesensky who was the Head of Gosplan

Answer 113

- Stalin initially wanted a jewish state in holy land -> When israel turned out to be pro-U.S, Stalin withdrew support and saw jews in USSR as enemies - (1948) jewish theatre director Mikhoels killed in car accident (perhaps by MVD) - (1949) Wives of Molotov and Kalinin arrested + Campaign launched 'anti-patriotic groups'

Answer 114

- (1951) Purge launched in Georgia directed at Beria's supporters + Accused of collaborating with Westrn powers + Still in process after Stalin's death + Perhaps done to weaken Beria's authority

Answer 115

- (1948) Part-time MGB informer and female doctor Lydia Timashuk wrote to Stalin two days before Zhdanov's death -> In which 9 highly-placed doctors accused to diagnose and treat Zhdanov professionally - Stalin said how the jewish doctors were using their positions to harm the USSR + Stalin threatened his minister of State Security Ignatiev with executions if he didnt obtain confessions + Thousands of jews deported - anti-jewish hysteria from press - Before execution could take place, Stalin died

Answer 116

- (Oct 1952) Malenkov + Khruschev made main speeches at Stalin's Party congress - (Mar 1953) Stalin died - People crowded to see Stalin's body after death - Leadership struggle between Beria, Malenkov and Molotov | (Oct 1952) Khrushchev announced Politburo to be replaced by Presidium

Answer 117

- (Mar 1953) Announced that Malenkov would merge Central Committee and Chairman of Council of Ministers + His rivals forced him to step down as Party Secretary and to instead focus on his govt. role + Khrushchev took Party Secretary post - Then collective leadership formed -> Molotov was Foreign Minister + Beria was head of the MVD - Khruschev began appointing people to party posts -> Built a strong administration - Beria emerged as leader most anxious from departing from Stalinist policies + He wanted all political prisoners to be released exc. most dangerous ones + Denounced Mingrelian ourge + Had a moderate approach with foreign policy + Scaled back on Stalin's constly construction projects

Answer 118

- (Jun 1953) Malenkov + Khruschev and others orgainised Beria's arrest + Anti-Beria campaign launched in press + (Dec 1953) Beria executed - Malenkov + Molotov wanted to change collective farm policy -> reduce peasent taxes + more investment into consumer goods + Khrushchev wanted light + heavy industry developed - (Feb 1955) Malenkov found himself isolated -> Forced to step down as Chairman of the Council of Ministers -> Took the less important role as Minister for Power Stations -> Then Bulganin took this post - (Until 1958) Khruschev + Bulganin acted as joint leaders - Majority in Presidium voted for Khruschev's dismissal but took this to the Central Committee + He ensured those in favour of him were brought to Moscow to vote for him + Khrushchev had Zhukov's support -> More Red Army support - (Oct 1957) Zhukov dismissed and a propaganda campaign against him launched - 'Anti-Party' group expelled from Central Committee -> Accused of many things - (Mar 1958) Bulganin accused of encouraging anti-Party group + Khrushchev took over as General Secretary of the Party -> Khruschev leads... | (Zhukov had been appointed Minster Of Defence soon after WW2) ## Footnote (1954 - Khrushchev launched Virgin Lands Scheme, he saw himself as an agricultural expert)

Answer 119

- He labelled Stalin a 'mass murderer' - Khruschev attacked Beria and released those in Doctor's Plot - SOME relaxation of censorship - Govt. bodies given higher authority - More democracy - 'Apparatchiki' + KGB proliferate - Power decentralised + (1962) Party split to urban and rural sections - Secret police's size reduce

Answer 120

- Agreed with Stalin on many matters - Worried about party control - (1956) Khruschev suppressed Hungary uprising - (Aug 1961) Berlin Wall created - After Beria executed -> Police return to being heavily influenced by party + govt. - Propaganda campaign against Beria and his execution - Command economy + strong party leadership -> big expansion in party membership

Answer 121

- Committed as more democracy, power decentralised - Not committed as Hungary uprising suppressed

Answer 122

Aims: - Catchup up with U.S - Rebuild heavy industry + Revive Ukraine Results: - USSR became 2nd to U.S in industrial capacity - Most heavy industry targets met - Production 2x + (1941-1952) Urban workforce rose from 67m to 77m

Answer 123

(Jun 1941) Op Barb initiated (8th Sep 1941) Leningrad Siege initiated (17th Sep 1941) Fall of Kiev and Ukraine lost (Oct 1941) Hitler rejected peace talks (Dec 1941) German advance on Moscow halted (May 1942) Big German victories in Eastern Ukraine (Jul 1942) Rostov fell to Germans (May 1942-Feb 1943) Battle of Stalingrad -> Axis powers defeated by end, due to winter

Answer 124

Aims: - Continue developing heavy industry + Transport - (Post 1953) More investment into consumer goods Results: - Most growth targets met - National income rose by 71%

Answer 125

(Apr 1922) | (1919) Politburo est. + (1922) General Secretary role drawn up ## Footnote (1923) Nomenklatura est.

Answer 126

- Stalin said he wanted to 'annihilate the kulaks as a class'. - 15% of peasent households destroyed + 150k richer peasents forced to migrate to north and east to poorer land. - (Jan 1930) Stalin announced that 1/4 of grain farming areas to be collectivised of that year. - (Mar 1930) 58% peasent households been collectivised via force + propaganda. + Stalin said collectivisation was 'dizzy with success'.

Answer 127

- Most of the Presdium welcomed this - Khrushchev persuaded to speak out in a 'closed session' + 1.4k delegates present, and they were not allowed to ask questions + Khruschev used Central Committee materials into abuses under Stalin - In Khruschev's speech, Khruschev attacked Stalin on purges, gulags, mass arrests, torture etc + Accused Stalin of betraying Leninist principles

Answer 128

- 2.5k MTS' est. - 'Dekulakisation' killed 10m of the best farmers! - Grain + livestock killed - Unrealistic procurement quotas - (Oct 1931) Drought hit many agricultural areas + (1932-1933) Famine + (Aug 1932) Anyone who even stole a little bit from a collective risked going to jail for 10 yrs. - Internal passports bought in to stop peasents leaving collectives - Estimated that Soviet Union's had 52% of its veg produced like this + 70% meat + 71% milk

Answer 129

- More decision-making and debate chances - Police competed with Party for influence + Police under Party's authority - (1957) Khruchev returned to Leninist policy of smaller institutions being directly responsible to their change. - Khchev also helped restore Party's position

Answer 130

- More democracy - Decentralisation - (1962) Party would split into urban and rural sections + New rules to limit serving time of Party officials - (1956-1964) Membership rose from 7m to 11m, 3.6% to 4.8% of populace + Role of the local soviets expanded + Comrade courts being able to handle minor offences revived - Non-party members encouraged to take supervisory roles + Some invited to Party congresses - Khruschev visited villages and towns - Economic decentralisation

Answer 131

- WW2 destroyed 70% of USSR's industrial capacity + USSR faced huge dfence budget due to new 'satelitte states' - (1947) Stalin refused territories under Soviet influence to receive U.S Marshall Aid + Cominform -> This was Soviet propaganda - ## Footnote 'Satellite states' where est. communists govts/ in occupied eastern Europe that were reliant on the USSR economically, politically etc - > Cold War tensions

Answer 132

Aims: - Catch up with the U.S + Rebuild heavy industry and revive Ukraine (particularly wheat fields despite more investment towards industry -> 1/3 of spending went towards Ukraine - Force kolhozes to deliver agricultural products + 'Transform nature' Results: - USSR 2nd to U.S in industrial capacity + Most industry targets met - (1941-52) Production 2x + Urban workforce rose from 67m to 77m - (1947 end) Dniepar Dam power station in action again - Industrially better than pre-war - (1946) Worst drought since 1891 + Peasents left with little as State procured 70% of harvest | ('Grand projects' + Use of extensive reparations from East Germany) ## Footnote (Higher taxes - on private plots -> private land absorbed in WW2 returned to kolkhozes after WW2)

Answer 133

Aims: - Continual of heavy industry development + 4th FYP - (From 1953) Khrushchev wanted to develop 'virgin lands' + build 'agrocities' Results: - Most growth targets met - National income rose by 71% - (1955) Malenkov loses leadership due to his changes - Agriculture production still behind industry and not 1940 level + (1929-1950) No. of cattle reduced from 67m to 65m

Answer 134

Decentralisation and industrial planning: - (By 1953) Growth slowing down - Diffeent Moscow ministers sert different industrial targets for each enterpise + No. of enterprises rose + Planning more complex, things starting to break down - Too few administrators - Output targets assessed by weight, so heavy goods more emphasies over light goods - (1957) To aid decentralisation, 60 Moscow minstries abolished + USSR divided into 105 different economic regions -> Each had its own economic council to plan and supervise economic affairs. - A new Supreme Economic Council -> (1959) A new seven year plan est.

Answer 135

- Better living standards + 40% wage rise promised with 40-hour week - Housing factories to produce prefabricated sections for new flats - Risen production for consumer goods - Air transport expanded + Aeroflot corp. subsidised for cheap long-distance travel + Said that a peasent could pay for travel 200mi to Moscow to sell produce and still make a profit!) - (1957) USSR launched world's first artificial satelitte -> Sputnik + Sputnik II sent Laika the dog to space + (1959) Red flag placed on the moon and pics of 'dark side' of moon taken + World's first civil nuclear-powered Ship made -> 'Lenin' - (Apr 1961) Yuri Gagarin became the first 'human in space' -> (1963) Valentina Tereshkova worl's first female cosmonaut | (1958) Brussels World Fair had the world amazed by Soviet tech

Answer 136

- (1955-1964) Electricity output rose from 170bn kWh to 507bn kWh + Tractors rose from 314k to 804k - Heavy spending on armamments and space race distorted economy + Despite economic gap narrowed to U.S, still nowhere near them - (From 1958) Soviet industrial growth began to slow down significantly + (1950s-1964) Economic growth fell from over 10% annaully to 7.5%. -> Mainly due to consumer industries, fell to 2% in 1964. - U.S had better instrumentation and sophistication in space race + Soviet rocketry good but excessive risk-taking - USSR's 'supermarkets' initially had abacuses rather than cash registers.

Answer 137

- (1945) Harvest produced under 60% of pre-war harvests - (1946) Worst drought since 1891 - 2/3 of agricultural labour force gone + Many animals destroyed + Little agricultural machinery + few horses left - (1929-1950) No. of horses fell from 34.6m to 15.3m

Answer 138

(1957) USSR launched world's first artificial satelitte -> Sputnik + Sputnik II sent Laika the dog to space + (1959) Red flag placed on the moon and pics of 'dark side' of moon taken + World's first civil nuclear-powered Ship made -> 'Lenin' - (Apr 1961) Yuri Gagarin became the first 'human in space' -> (1963) Valentina Tereshkova worl's first female cosmonaut

Answer 139

- (1953) Khruschev told the Central Committee limitations of agricultural production under Stalin had been hidden by unreliable stats + Grain output and no. of livestock being reared than last yrs of tsarist Russia. + Stalin's encouragement of particular farming methods criticised as counter-productive + Eventhough Khruchev favoured sceptical farming methofs - For industry, Khruchev placed reform implementations for local Party organisations - Ministry of Agriculture's powers thus reduced

Answer 140

- Price paid for state procurements of grain + Other agricultural goods - State procurement quotas fell + Taxes fell - Quotas on peasents' private plots fell - Peasents who didn't have animals not required to deliver meat to State - Collectives permitted to set own production targets + Able to choose how to use land

Answer 141

- Rise in no. of farms which were connected to electricity grid - (1962) Campaign for increased use of chemical fertiliser - Rises in use of farm machinery + Collectives able to buy from MTS - Encouragement to merge collectives for larger farms + (1959-60) No. of collectives halved and no. of state farms rose -> Used to develop 'virgin lands' ## Footnote (1958 - MTS' disbanded to suit peasents who had to pay for equipment loan in goods -> Turned into repair stations)

Answer 142

- Khruschev thought to boost production -> Land in western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan that had not been prev. ploughed. - Initially, cultivated land extended + Komosomol members encouraged spending time on new farms and help building new settlements + further develop farming areas e.g. building roads - (By 1956) 35.9m hectares of 'virgin land' been ploughed for wheat -> Same as Canada's cultivated land - Perhaps agricultural prices 2x | (1963) Poor harvest, USSR had to import gran from North America

Answer 143

- An attempt to replicate urban conditions of work -> Perhaps to modernise - This involved creating huge collective farms/towns -> By destroying old villages - However, this was unsuccessful - (1953-64) Milk production rose from 42m tonnes to 63m tonnes + Meat production rose from 6.3m tonnes to 9.1m tonnes -> Despite this, complex issues existed

Answer 144

- Despite attempts to boost farming time on communal farms (not private plots) -> Private plots provided 1/2 peasents' income and amounted over 30% of produce sold in USSR - Despite this, private plots represented only around 3% of the total cultivated area - New pricing system failed due to state offificials constantly changing them -> Impacted farmers' planning - Party officals kept interfering in farm management -> Sometimes, peasent output reduce - Peasents couldn't afford to repair machinery -> Very few capable of repairing - Due to climate, soil became infertile + Land erosion happened - (1963) Very bad harvest -> USSR had to import grain as a result -> Some from North America - Limited rise in milk production -> Many crops had unsuitable soil for it to grow e.g. maize | (Too mannt different initiatives, insufficient thought)

Answer 145

- Peasents lived on income 20% less than industrial workers - In towns, poor diets + Short supply of housing, services and consumer goods - Working week remained at wartime lvls of 12 hrs a day - Party officials had higher rations + Workers could be relocated to wherver they were needed - Women expxected to make up for the war dead (they represented 1/3 in building trade) - (By 1950) Real household consumption just 1/10th higher than that of (1928). + (1947) Rouble devalued by 90%, wiping out savings ## Footnote (4th FYP or 5th FYP did not substantially boost living standards for ordinary Russian people)

Answer 146

- Consumer goods more widely available + Economic reforms + alongside de-Stalinisation - (1958) compulsory voluntary subscriptions to State abolished + Bachelors' tax and tax on childless couples abolished - Better pension system - Hours of work fell + 40-hr working week introduced + Wage equalisation campaign saw rise in wages for lowest paid -> More social equality - Factory trade unions had a more active role - Better education, medicine and welfare services - However, privileges were non-wage payments -> Holidays and good education just for those at high political lvl | (Drawbacks undermoine claim of USSR being an equal society)

Answer 147

Cars - 2 to 5 Radios - 66 to 171 TVs - 4 to 82 Refrigerators - 4 to 40 | (Per 1k)

Answer 148

- Zhdanovshchina saw more censorship + ethnic minorities + Freedom of cultural expression non-existent + Stalin's paranoia would have an impact

Answer 149

- De-Stalinisation perhaps bought more freedom for Soviet citizens - Restrictions on reading and listening to books and broadcasts lifted - Limited no. of citizens wanted to travel abroad - Cultural and sports tours arranged + TVs showed international performances, as well as football - Khruchev est. 'Intourist' so foreigners could visit USSR - (1957) World Festival of Youth had 34k people from 131 countries in attendance, or by tuning in - With youth culture, Tarzan films entered youth culture -> Soviet version of 'Teddy Boys' -> the 'stiliagi' - Changes in youth attitudes saw more vandalism and hooliganism e.g. - (1961) A survey by Soviet authorities showed that most young people cynical about cynical revolution | (1961) 55% of Soviet populace under 30 yrs

Answer 150

- Khrushchev rehabilitated some of those persecuted in the Zhdanovschchina - Artists such as Shostakovich and Akhmatova permitted to work again - Dudinstev wrote about a Soviet engineer whose creativity was stifled by the industrial bureaucracy in 'Not by bread alone' - (1962) 'One day in the Life' by Denisovich sold 1m copies in 6 mnths - Khruschev disliked 'modernism' + Works did not just challenge Stalinism -> but very basis of communism - Pasternak had to smuggle his 'Dr Zhivago' out of Russia + (1957) Printed in Italy + (1958) Pasternak refused his Nobel Prize for literature, ad was prevented from travelling there -> Hounded by USSR and expelled from the 'Soviet Union of Writers' + Heavily criticised in Pravda | '(1956) -'Not by bread alone'

Answer 151

- Greater air of liberalism failed to reach ethnic minorities - Khruschev wanted all groups to speak a single language - Khruschev against jews having own schools + refused emigration - Khruschev wanted greater unity | (By 1964) Perhaps, overall greater social hope in USSR

Answer 152

- Khruschev campaigned against Churches and Muslims - Atheism introduced into school curriculum + (1961) Children banned from church services + prohibited for parents to teach children religion - All higher institions had to deliver a mandatory course on 'the foundations of scientific atheism' - (1959-1965) Orthodox Churches fell from 22k to 8k + Mass closure of other places of worship + Pilgrimages banned + Clergymen who criticised athiesm may be forced to retire, arrested or sent to labour camps + other consequences

Answer 153

- Some writers published work abroad to evade Soviet censorship -> tamizdat - Cases of copies circulated by personal contact -> Risk of imprisonment or labour camps - Works involve 'The Youngest Society of Geniuses -> They published 'The Sphinxes' - Regular readings of poetry such as 'Mayak' happened - Dissident magazines published -> Ginzberg published 'Syntaxis' -> (1960) Was arrested - Musicians made illegal recordings -> Magnititizdat - Khruschev attended Manezh Art Exhibition -> Argued about function of art in society

Answer 154

- Liberal reformers v Pro-Stalinists - (Feb 1955) Khruschev + Bulganin in top jobs -> (1957) Pro-Stalinists failed to oust Khruschev in (1956). - Khruschev survived by appealing to wider Central Committee over the vote against him in the Presidium -> 'Anti-Party' group expelled from Presium, a victory for reformers over hardliners - Khruschev dismissed Red Army by dismissing Zhukov

Answer 155

- (By 1955) 1/4m appeals from political prisoners considered by Soviet Procuracy - (Few months into 1956) 8-9m former and present political prisoners rehabilitated. - (1953-1960) 2m returned from gulags + 2m returned from special settlements - More lenient approach to political opponents contributed to dissent, as well as the de-Stalinisation - (Mar 1956) Violent national demonstrations in Georgia

Answer 156

- (Sep 1962) Khruschev put pressure top split Presidum into an agriculutral section and an industrial section -> Aroused intense opposition - (Oct 1964) Khruschev was on holiday -> Received call from Brezhnev for an emergency meeting in the Presidum -> Initially ignored but then returned to Moscow on 13th Oct - Taken to a meeting of the Presidium -> Several of hia former supporters voiced their criticisms of him -> Khrushcev tried to interrupt by lvl of hostility towards him took him by surprise -> Refused to resign -> Denied media access, which may have allowed him to whip up support - A resignation paper presented to Khruschev -> He signed it -> Suslov listed his mistakes -> Resolutions passed -> Brezhnev became First Secretary + Alexei Kosygin became Premier - Public announcement that khruschev resigned due to 'advanced age and ill health.' - Pravda denounced Khruschev few weeks later

Answer 157

- Personal style of rule, lacking expertise, unprofessional behaviour at times + 'one-man style' -> Impolite behviour and quite rude at times - Blamed for USSR's poor relations with China + Mishandling of Cuban Missile Crisis - Offended military for wanting to cut spending on weapons and boost spending on nuclear arms - Khruschev's dealings criticised - Decentralisation offended regional Party secretaries for their responsibilites divided + Khrushcev demanded 1/4 of Central Committee renewed at every election + Granting autonomy upset regional economic councils - Failure with Virgin Lands Scheme + Had to import from North America due to this | (Khruschev thought he was an agricultural expert) ## Footnote (Oct 1962) Cuban Missile Crisis -> U.S found out that Khruschev was planting missiles near Cuba -> After tense talks, Soviet ships withdrew -> Victory for U.S diplomacy

Answer 158

- (1953-1964) Party elite had risen rapidly under Stalinist system + Process of reform was not easy which may be why it was half-hearted and erratic -

Answer 159

- USSR developed technologically - Bureaucracy expanded, one reason being due to more a changing centralised command economy - (By 1964) No solution to major issue on how to sustain economic growth

Answer 160

- (1950s) Soviet living standards began to rise rapidly -> Consumer goods, industrialisation etc -> Perhaps a 'better' society on its way - However, still massive problems that had not been solved

Answer 161

- UK, U.S and USSR in Grand Alliance - (Feb 1945) Yalta Conference saw Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin consult on the management of Germany post-WW2 -> 1st time talks! - (Jul 1945) Potsdam Conference focused on Berlin -> U.S president Truman informs Allies of atomic bomb + Tight relations in Grand Alliance - (Mar 1946) Churchill announces 'Iron Curtain' - For Soviet Union, sharp division between West and Russian values -> On political values

Answer 162

- Germany sliced up into 4 zones + USSR occupy East Germany -> UK occupy West Germany -> U.S occupy central zone -> France occupy Mainz - Korean War would have boosted tensions between EAST-WEST - Churchill spoke about EAST-WEST tensions in his 'Iron Curtain' speech (Mar 1946) - (1947) Marshall Aid saw U.S loan £30bn to Europe, UK received 10% + USSR receive 4% - (1949) NATO est. + Soviet Union test 1st atomic bomb | (Soviets retrieve lost land from Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) ## Footnote (West occupy 185sq mi and East occupy 156sq mi)

Answer 163

- Nihilists - Anarchists - Slavophiles -> They believed Russia could reform on Russian lines - Westernisers believed they should abandon Russian values and reform on Western lines

Answer 164

- (Jul 1918) RSFSR est. - Responsible for electing Sovnarkom for general state administration - However, higher classes’ people not permitted to vote or hold public office + congress only meant to meet at intervals

Answer 165

- (1906-1910) 497 trade unions closed down + 604 denied registration - Pressure from trade unions and other things aided the govt. to create 1912 Insurance Law - (1906-1912) SD membership in Ukraine fell from 20k to 200 + 7.5k to 40 in Moscow