Russia (1895-1917) - Nicholas II Flashcards
Why was 1905 significant?
Bloody Sunday and the Russo-Japanese War.
- Revolution failed, as Bloody Sunday saw peaceful protesters fired upon oin their thousands
What happened during Bloody Sunday?
(Jan 1905)
Due to a strike, Gapon and peaceful protestors marched to the Winter Palace to peacefully protest, however, it failed as they were shot in their thousands by guards.
This inkling of revolution spread throughout the Empire.
What happened on the Battleship Potemkin?
(Oct 1904)
A mutiny over a mouldy meat ration led to a full-scale mutiny, and people who came to pay their respects were fired upon by troops.
What was the October Manifesto?
After a St Petersburg soviet was set up, Nicolas II promised civic freedom and a Duma.
Strikes would take place from Oct-Dec 1905.
Some of Alexander III’s policies towards the Jews…
- In Poland, the Pale of Settlement expells Jews from certain areas.
- Army Laws prevent Jews from advancing in army ranks.
- No Jews can be elected in positions of power
- Alexander III refusued to oppose Pogroms, (800 Jews murdered in Odessa).
May Laws prevent Jews from having high power.
1894-1914
Evidence of Liberal and radical opposition
- (1895) Tver Zemstvo petitioned to Nicolas II to set up an advisory body, which failed.
- (1898) First Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party
- (1899) Beseda Symposium est. to discuss mattters of liberal interest.
- (1903) Union of Liberation formed. + SD split into Lenin’s Bolsheviks and Martov’s Mensheviks
- (1904) Von Plehve, the tsar’s uncle, would be killed by a SR bomb. + Union of Liberation hold grand meeting -> Members declared their intention for the establishment of a constitutional government
Radical:
-> (1901-1905) SRs carried out 2k political assassinations
->
Liberal opposition amplified by the Great Famine (1891-92).
Why did the Russo-Japanese war happen?
- Russia wanted warm water ports.
(1902) Britain would sign a naval agreeement with Japan.
1894-1914
Extent of social progress
- (By 1911) Over 6.5m children in primary education. + 1/2 of secondary school pupis came from peasentry.
- (By 1914) 3/4 of St Petersburg population were peasents by birth.
- (1912-1914) 3k stoppages across all sectors and strikes escalate.
- (By 1914) A min. of 1767 newspaper published weekly.
HOWEVER,
- 60% illiterate in the countryside.
Extent to which of NO social progress in Russia by 1914
Think of lower classes
- peasents declared unfit for military service
- ## Still widespread poverty despite Stolypin’s reforms
What happened in 1913?
Think of the Tsar
The tercentenary to commerate the Romanov Dynasty.
Why did the 1905 Revolution fail?
Think of PERMS prior
- Russo-Japanese war
- Nicholas II principle of autocracy
- Black Hundreds gang running amock Russia, and the countryside
- Bloody Sunday
- Stolypin’s brutal countryside repression.
How did the 1903 SD split come about?
(Social Democrats)
Think about the leaders!
- Plekhanov, (who created the Emancipation of Labour), abondoned the Bolsheviks.
- Trotsky left with the Mensheviks in (Sep 1904).
What were the Fundamental Laws?
(Apr 1906)
This gave the Tsar emergency powers, and gave the tsar control over the duma, the armed forces, could appoint or dismiss any govt. ministers, veto legislation, etc.
(Nicholas II)
What was the Lower Chamber (The State Duma)
Member elcted under the inidrect voting system, (how much land you owned).
Heavily favoured by nibility and peasents who were allied to the crown.
