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A Level History > Russia (1922-1933) - Stalin's rise, with few things from Bols revolution etc > Flashcards

Russia (1922-1933) - Stalin's rise, with few things from Bols revolution etc Flashcards

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1
Q

Some details of the ‘Triumvate’…

A
  • (Dec 1922) Stalin forms alliance with members such as Kamenev, Zinoviev and Stalin.
  • Stalinist-Bukharin Politburo formed, which may have been a bureacratic move on Lenin’s behalf.
    -> (Jan 1925) Due to Stalin giving Trotsky the wrong date for Lenin’s funeral, as wells as Trosky’s ideas being rejected, Trotsky publishes ‘Lessons of October’.
  • (Jul 1926) Stalin + Bukharin have similar views on econ policy + Zinoviev and Kamenev attack Stalin and fail to get a vote of no confidence as delegates mostly Stalinists.
  • (Nov 1926) Stalin accuses Kamenev + Zinoviev pf factionsim after they joined Trotsky’s ‘United Opposition’ + Zinoviev removed from Politburo and Kamenev removed from Central Committee + ‘United Opposition’ collapses.
  • (Dec 1929) Stalin officially Soviet leader.
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2
Q

Aims/details of the First Five Year Plan (1928-1932)

(By Stalin)

A
  • Boost production by 300% + Boost electricity production by 300%
  • Develop heavy industry.
  • Double light industry output (e.g. chemicals).
    -> Positive public reception however, Stalin may have been over-enthusiastic with claiming these things would be achieved in FOUR yrs.
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3
Q

Results of the First Five Year Plan:

A
  • Electricity output trebled
  • Coal + iron output doubled
  • Steel production rises by 1/3 + New railways, engineering plant, hydroelectric power schemes
    HOWEVER…
  • Chemical industry targets missed + food-processing and other consumers industries neglected
    -> Low no. skilled workers + ineffective central control for efficient development.
    -> Industrial works small
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4
Q

John Nettl’s view of ‘the economy under Stalin’

A
  • Stalin’s industrial revolution of 1928 gave the Soviet Union its modern character.
  • The second revolution completed the work of Lenin + Old Bolsheviks.
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5
Q

Some details on Stalin’s Great Turn…

A
  • ‘Great Turn’ saw the change from the NEP to the Five Year Plans + collectivisation of agriculture.
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6
Q

Some details of Stalin’s cult of personality…

A
  • Compared to the sun + seen as infallible
  • Heavily mentioned in the press
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7
Q

The political structure of the communist state under Stalin…

(Some things on Lenin)

A
  • Party congresses called less frequently (perhaps few days 2x yearly)
  • Nomenklatura + dual membership (party and govt. officials) ensured party control.
  • Stalin used ‘apparat’ to control important appointments + ‘apparat’ controlled Nomenklatura, giving Stalin important roles throughout Soviet society.
  • Lenin’s enrolment party membersip 2x to 1m (1930-1933) + New members mostly young who saw the benefits of Stalin’s policies, as wells as being attracted by ‘nationalist’ policies.

(1922 - Stalin was General Secretary)

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8
Q

Aims/details of the First Five Year Plan (1928-1932)

(By Stalin)

A
  • Boost production by 300% + Boost electricity production by 300%
  • Develop heavy industry.
  • Double light industry output (e.g. chemicals).
    -> Positive public reception however, Stalin may have been over-enthusiastic with claiming these things would be achieved in FOUR yrs.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Results of the First Five Year Plan:

A
  • Electricity output trebled
  • Coal + iron output doubled
  • Steel production rises by 1/3 + New railways, engineering plant, hydroelectric power schemes
    HOWEVER…
  • Chemical industry targets missed + food-processing and other consumers industries neglected
    -> Low no. skilled workers + ineffective central control for efficient development.
    -> Industrial works small
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

John Nettl’s view of ‘the economy under Stalin’

A
  • Stalin’s industrial revolution of 1928 gave the Soviet Union its modern character.
  • The second revolution completed the work of Lenin + Old Bolsheviks.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Some details on Stalin’s Great Turn…

A
  • ‘Great Turn’ saw the change from the NEP to the Five Year Plans + collectivisation of agriculture.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Some details of Stalin’s cult of personality…

A
  • Compared to the sun + seen as infallible
  • Heavily mentioned in the press
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The political structure of the communist state under Stalin…

(Some things on Lenin)

A
  • Party congresses called less frequently (perhaps few days 2x yearly)
  • Nomenklatura + dual membership (party and govt. officials) ensured party control.
  • Stalin used ‘apparat’ to control important appointments + ‘apparat’ controlled Nomenklatura, giving Stalin important roles throughout Soviet society.
  • Lenin’s enrolment party membersip 2x to 1m (1930-1933) + New members mostly young who saw the benefits of Stalin’s policies, as wells as being attracted by ‘nationalist’ policies.

(1922 - Stalin was General Secretary)

How well did you know this?
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14
Q

Impacts on society under the Bolsheviks (1917-1924)

(National minorities and propaganda)

A
  • Self-determination permitted, however, this encouraged nationalistic movements.
  • This impacts reverberated around the USSR.
  • With propaganda, Soviet aviators + Arctic explorers given good account in the press + Stalin’s ‘cult of personality’.
How well did you know this?
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15
Q

Impacts on society under Stalin…

‘Class warfare’

A
  • Under Stalin, campaigns against bourgeiosie intensified -> New socialist man would serve the state
  • Stalin halted NEP
  • Class-based attacks began in the countryside

(A paradox with ideology was perhaps when workers’ rights were lowest priority)

How well did you know this?
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16
Q

Impacts on society under Stalin…

(Proletarianisation)

A
  • Proletariat diversified, partyl perhaps due to Stalin’s purges.
  • Proletariat had to be motivated ideologically, perhaps rather than financially.
  • Metallurgy, textiles, carpentry production rose significantly
  • Harsh living + working conditions persisted throughout NEP
  • Rise in working hrs with 6-7 days working.
  • Stakhanovite movement perhaps made bonuses for pay.
How well did you know this?
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17
Q

Impacts on society under Stalin…

(Effects on women)

A
  • (1928) Weddings rings banned
  • (1930s) Stalin said traditional family was the way
  • Divorce + abortion discouraged
  • (1936) Contraception banned + Fines for divorce
  • (1940) 13m women in industrial works
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18
Q

Impacts on society under Stalin…

(Education)

A
  • Quota system, many working-class children’s secondary school places in (1935).
  • Core subjects were Russian language + literature
  • (By 1941) 94% of 9-49 year olds literate.
  • Encouraged physical work + vocational work.
  • Teachers could be blamed and purged for peasants’ failure.
  • Nationalism promoted
  • Education may have provided social mobility.
How well did you know this?
1
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2
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4
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19
Q

Class warfare things…

A
  • Burzhui (those in professions e.g. merchants, officers) v peasent prosperity
  • During Civil War, allocations depended on ‘work-value’
  • (1921) NEP bought in
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20
Q

Proletarianisation things…

A
  • This is the idea of turning the mass populace into urban workers - The idea of a ‘socialist man’
  • Labour discipline tightened
  • (1921) Workers could be improsioned or even shot if they failed to meet their targets + Unions made a means for keeping workers under control
  • Harsh working and living conditions continued throughout NEP
  • This perhaps worsened in Stalin’s early years, with things like collectivisation

(1935) Rationing phased out

21
Q

Changes in Stalin’s polcies towards women…

A
  • Weddings rings re-introduced + New-style wedding certificates
  • (1936) Adultery criminalised + Contraception banned and only permitted for medical reasons + Tax exemptions for families with 6 or more children with every additional child to ten in the family + Large fees introduced to deter divorce
  • (1928-1940) Female industrial workers rose from 3m to 13m
22
Q

Cultural change, propaganda and national minorities’ things…

(Bolshevik revolution)

A
  • (From 1932) All writers had to belong to the ‘Union of Soviet Writers’
  • (1920s) ‘Silver age’ of Russian literature and poetry
  • Soviet aviators and Arctic explorers highly promoted in press
  • (1939-40) 2m jews incorporated into USSR (due to invasion of eastern Poland and the Baltic republics)
23
Q

Stalin and opposition to 1932…

A
  • Shakhty show trial saw 53 engineers accused of ‘counter-revolutionary activity’ + 5 executed and 44 got long prison sentences
  • Yagoda put in charge to see how to better use labour camps, and discovered corrective labour camps + Prisoners would work by extracting metals etc + People beleived this would aid economic growth

(Shakhty show trial showed how Stalin wanted to scapegoat issues)

24
Q

Crisis of 1932…

(Stalin)

A
  • (Nov 1932) Stalin’s wife committed suicide + Left a note criticising Stalin’s policies
  • Two opposition groups emerge from Party elite (‘old Bolsheviks’ and the rightist ‘Ryutin Platform’) + They disapproved of Stalin’s politics + Stalin called for their execution but Kirov in particular refused
  • 24 expelled from Party + Ryutin imprisoned for ten years + (1937) Stalin had Ryutin shot + 18% of Party labelled as ‘Ryunites’
25
Q

1934 Kirov Affair…

A
  • At 17th Party Congress, Stalin announced anti-Leninist opposition had been defeated.
  • At Central Committte elections, split occured with some wanting collectivization to continue and some wanting it to stop (including Kirov)
  • Kirov and others given title ‘Secretary of Equal Rank’ (Stalin may have done this to spread responsibility of economic crisis)
  • (Dec 1934) Kirov murdered by Nikolayev + Yagoda had 6.5k people arrested from this
  • However, Nikolayev did not seem to be linked with left opposition upon question + Kirov’s bodyguard and some NKVD men mysteriously killed in car accident before they could give evidence + (1938) Yagoda pleaded guilty for allowing Nikolayev to get to Kirov (this may have been under duress)
26
Q

Aims/details of the First Five Year Plan (1928-1932)

(By Stalin)

A
  • Boost production by 300% + Boost electricity production by 300%
  • Develop heavy industry.
  • Double light industry output (e.g. chemicals).
    -> Positive public reception however, Stalin may have been over-enthusiastic with claiming these things would be achieved in FOUR yrs.
27
Q

Results of the First Five Year Plan:

A
  • Electricity output trebled
  • Coal + iron output doubled
  • Steel production rises by 1/3 + New railways, engineering plant, hydroelectric power schemes
    HOWEVER…
  • Chemical industry targets missed + food-processing and other consumers industries neglected
    -> Low no. skilled workers + ineffective central control for efficient development.
    -> Industrial works small
28
Q

John Nettl’s view of ‘the economy under Stalin’

A
  • Stalin’s industrial revolution of 1928 gave the Soviet Union its modern character.
  • The second revolution completed the work of Lenin + Old Bolsheviks.
29
Q

Some details of Stalin’s cult of personality…

A
  • Compared to the sun + seen as infallible
  • Heavily mentioned in the press
30
Q

Some details on Stalin’s Great Turn…

A
  • ‘Great Turn’ saw the change from the NEP to the Five Year Plans + collectivisation of agriculture.
31
Q

The political structure of the communist state under Stalin…

(Some things on Lenin)

A
  • Party congresses called less frequently (perhaps few days 2x yearly)
  • Nomenklatura + dual membership (party and govt. officials) ensured party control.
  • Stalin used ‘apparat’ to control important appointments + ‘apparat’ controlled Nomenklatura, giving Stalin important roles throughout Soviet society.
  • Lenin’s enrolment party membersip 2x to 1m (1930-1933) + New members mostly young who saw the benefits of Stalin’s policies, as wells as being attracted by ‘nationalist’ policies.

(1922 - Stalin was General Secretary)

32
Q

Impacts on society under the Bolsheviks (1917-1924)

(National minorities and propaganda)

A
  • Self-determination permitted, however, this encouraged nationalistic movements.
  • This impacts reverberated around the USSR.
  • With propaganda, Soviet aviators + Arctic explorers given good account in the press + Stalin’s ‘cult of personality’.
33
Q

Impacts on society under Stalin…

‘Class warfare’

A
  • Under Stalin, campaigns against bourgeiosie intensified -> New socialist man would serve the state
  • Stalin halted NEP
  • Class-based attacks began in the countryside

(A paradox with ideology was perhaps when workers’ rights were lowest priority)

34
Q

Impacts on society under Stalin…

(Proletarianisation)

A
  • Proletariat diversified, partyl perhaps due to Stalin’s purges.
  • Proletariat had to be motivated ideologically, perhaps rather than financially.
  • Metallurgy, textiles, carpentry production rose significantly
  • Harsh living + working conditions persisted throughout NEP
  • Rise in working hrs with 6-7 days working.
  • Stakhanovite movement perhaps made bonuses for pay.
35
Q

Impacts on society under Stalin…

(Effects on women)

A
  • (1928) Weddings rings banned
  • (1930s) Stalin said traditional family was the way
  • Divorce + abortion discouraged
  • (1936) Contraception banned + Fines for divorce
  • (1940) 13m women in industrial works
36
Q

Impacts on society under Stalin…

(Education)

A
  • Quota system, many working-class children’s secondary school places in (1935).
  • Core subjects were Russian language + literature
  • (By 1941) 94% of 9-49 year olds literate.
  • Encouraged physical work + vocational work.
  • Teachers could be blamed and purged for peasants’ failure.
  • Nationalism promoted
  • Education may have provided social mobility.
37
Q

Class warfare things…

A
  • Burzhui (those in professions e.g. merchants, officers) v peasent prosperity
  • During Civil War, allocations depended on ‘work-value’
  • (1921) NEP bought in
38
Q

Proletarianisation things…

A
  • This is the idea of turning the mass populace into urban workers - The idea of a ‘socialist man’
  • Labour discipline tightened
  • (1921) Workers could be improsioned or even shot if they failed to meet their targets + Unions made a means for keeping workers under control
  • Harsh working and living conditions continued throughout NEP
  • This perhaps worsened in Stalin’s early years, with things like collectivisation

(1935) Rationing phased out

39
Q

Changes in Stalin’s polcies towards women…

A
  • Weddings rings re-introduced + New-style wedding certificates
  • (1936) Adultery criminalised + Contraception banned and only permitted for medical reasons + Tax exemptions for families with 6 or more children with every additional child to ten in the family + Large fees introduced to deter divorce
  • (1928-1940) Female industrial workers rose from 3m to 13m
40
Q

Cultural change, propaganda and national minorities’ things…

(Bolshevik revolution)

A
  • (From 1932) All writers had to belong to the ‘Union of Soviet Writers’
  • (1920s) ‘Silver age’ of Russian literature and poetry
  • Soviet aviators and Arctic explorers highly promoted in press
  • (1939-40) 2m jews incorporated into USSR (due to invasion of eastern Poland and the Baltic republics)
41
Q

Stalin and opposition to 1932…

A
  • Shakhty show trial saw 53 engineers accused of ‘counter-revolutionary activity’ + 5 executed and 44 got long prison sentences
  • Yagoda put in charge to see how to better use labour camps, and discovered corrective labour camps + Prisoners would work by extracting metals etc + People believed this would aid economic growth

(Shakhty show trial showed how Stalin wanted to scapegoat issues)

42
Q

Crisis of 1932…

(Stalin)

A
  • (Nov 1932) Stalin’s wife committed suicide + Left a note criticising Stalin’s policies
  • Two opposition groups emerge from Party elite (‘old Bolsheviks’ and the rightist ‘Ryutin Platform’) + They disapproved of Stalin’s politics + Stalin called for their execution but Kirov in particular refused
  • 24 expelled from Party + Ryutin imprisoned for ten years + (1937) Stalin had Ryutin shot + 18% of Party labelled as ‘Ryunites’
43
Q

1934 Kirov Affair…

A
  • At 17th Party Congress, Stalin announced anti-Leninist opposition had been defeated.
  • At Central Committte elections, split occured with some wanting collectivization to continue and some wanting it to stop (including Kirov)
  • Kirov and others given title ‘Secretary of Equal Rank’ (Stalin may have done this to spread responsibility of economic crisis)
  • (Dec 1934) Kirov murdered by Nikolayev + Yagoda had 6.5k people arrested from this
  • However, Nikolayev did not seem to be linked with left opposition upon question + Kirov’s bodyguard and some NKVD men mysteriously killed in car accident before they could give evidence + (1938) Yagoda pleaded guilty for allowing Nikolayev to get to Kirov (this may have been under duress)
44
Q

Signs of improvement in 1930s…

(Leisure things)

A
  • (1930s) 30k cinemas + sports facilities
  • ‘kul’turnost’ encoruaged personal hygiene conditions and not spitting on the floor + Workers’ hair properly cut
  • State paternalism enforced the idea that the populace were like children + (Mar 1936) Komsomol press launch campaign condemning ‘dirty talk’ + People more kind (perhaps lower denounciation to swerve NKVD)
45
Q

Stalin’s economy…

(By 1941)

Alongside other similar things

A
  • (1926-1939) No. of town residents rose from 17% to 33%
  • (By 1940) USSR overtook Brits in iron and steel production, not far from overtaking Germany
  • (1939) 9 aircraft factories made + (1938-1941) Rearmament spending rose from 27.5bn roubles to 70.9bn roubles
  • FYPs
  • HOWEVER consumer goods more scarcer than they had been under the NEP + despite high growth in heavy industry, perhaps light industry somewhat neglected + (Consumer goods more scarcer than they had been under the NEP)
46
Q

Stalinist society…

A
  • Massive changes in arts, fashion, culture, music etc
  • (1932) All writers had to belong to the ‘Palace of Soviets’
  • White Sea Canal built in Ukraine -> 300k people built it -> 30k died
47
Q

Warfare expenditure and other things …

(Just before Op Barborossa)

A
  • (1937-1940) Defence spending rose from 16.5% to 32.6%
  • Lack of military initiative seen with the war with Finland
  • Deficiencies in quality and quantity of equipment
  • (By 1941) USSR manufacturing 230 tanks, 700 military aircraft + Over 100k rifles monthly + Due to high military expenditure -> Insufficient investment into state farm still not producing enough to feed populace
48
Q

How Lenin laid the foundations for Stalin’s terror…

A
  • ‘Old Bols’ arrested
  • (Dec 1917) Cheka
  • Gulags
  • (1921) Factions banned

A Level History (23 decks)

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