Russia Pt. ii(Communism time <3) Flashcards
1
Q
How delegates arrived for the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 26 October 1917
A
670
2
Q
How many voted in favour of a socialist government at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets?
A
500 out of 670
3
Q
What did the executive committee establish at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets?
A
Sovnarkom
4
Q
Who was the executive committee compromised of?
A
Lenin as Chairman
Trotsky as Commissar for Foreign Affairs
5
Q
Which was Decrees was put forward on October 27th?
A
Decree on peace
Decree on land
6
Q
Which Decrees were put forward in November 1917?
A
Workers’ control decree gave workers the right to supervise management
Nationality Decree promised self-determination
Outlawed sex discrimination and gave women the right to own property
Decree against titles
7
Q
Which decrees were put forward in Decemeber 1917?
A
Military decree
Decree on the Church
Nationalisation of banks
8
Q
What did Kerensky prepare in order to fight the Bolsheviks?
A
18 Cossack regiments
9
Q
How many people voted in the elections for a Constituent Assembly in November 1917?
A
41.7 million
10
Q
Who won the majority for the Constituent Assembly?
A
The SR
11
Q
How many more votes did the SR win than the Bolsheviks?
A
11.8 million
12
Q
Who temporarily resigned in 1918 over Lenin’s refusal to power share?
A
Kamenev Zinoviev
13
Q
How many died for protesting the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly?
A
12
14
Q
What did Lenin form in December 1917 to reinforce his rule?
A
The Cheka
15
Q
What did Lenin ban in 1921 to maintain party unity?
A
Factions
16
Q
How many Menshevik members were arrested between 1921-1924?
A
5000
17
Q
What was the triumvirate alliance formed in December 1922?
A
Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev to oppose Trotsky and his military support
17
Q
What were the consequences of the show trial held for imprisoned SR members in 1922?
A
34 leaders condemned
11 executed
The Party was banned
17
Q
What year was opposition press banned?
A
October 1917
17
Q
What was formed at the 12th Party Congress in April 1923?
A
The Central Committee(C.C)
17
Q
What happened at the 14th Party Congress in July 1926?
A
Stalin joins Bukharin and Zinoviev and Kamenev call for a vote of no confidence but fail
18
Q
What happened to Trotsky in December of 1925?
A
He was forced from his position as Commissar of War
18
Q
What did Lenin introduce in 1921 for the economy?
A
The NEP, the New Economic Plan, which reintroduced elements of capitalism
18
Q
When was the Red Army formed?
A
January 1918
18
When was the RSFSR proclaimed?
July 1918
18
Name three features of the 1918 Constitution?
The vote was reserved for the toiling masses
Workers vote was weighted 5-1 in the election to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
Sovnarkom was supposed to be appointed by the Congress but often ended up being chosen by the C.C
Congress only to meet in intervals
19
Who made up the 'Whites'?
People opposing the concessions in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Political opponents
Tsarist supporters
Previous wartime allies
20
What was the Czech Legion?
45,000 soldiers aiming to fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary
21
When was the Politburo created?
1919(During the Civil War)
22
Which political body became less significant during the Civil War due to the Politburo?
Sovnarkom
23
What post did Stalin occupy as of April 2022?
General Secretary
24
What was the nomenklatura system?
5500 posts created in 1923 for key Party members that depended on appointments from the C.C
25
What replaced the RSFSR in December 1922?
The USSR
26
How many Party congresses were called under Stalin between 1939-1952?
None
27
How much did the party increase in membership due to the Lenin enrolment program after his death?
Doubled its membership to one million
28
How much did party membership increase between 1930-1933?
1,877,428
29
How many members were there by 1940?
3,399,975
30
Why did membership fall during the mid-1930s?
The Great Purges
31
What did Stalin call the 1936 constitution?
'the most democratic in the world'
32
What replaced the All-Russian Congress of Soviets under the '36 constitution?
A new 'Supreme Soviet'
33
What did the '36 constitution promise?
Local autonomy to ethnic groups and support for national cultures and languages
Elections every four years for all over eighteen(raised to 23 in 1945) but it included 'former people'
Freedom from arbitrary arrest and right to free speech
34
How often did the Supreme Soviet actually meet?
Twice a year for only a few days
35
What was the History of the All-Union Communist Party?
Stalinist propaganda that acted as a textbook that largened his role in the October revolution and under Lenin
36
When was the History of the All-Union Communist Party published?
1938
37
How many copies had the All-Union Communist Party sold by 1948?
34 million
38
Who did Stalin fail to replace in 1937 because he was outvoted by the Politburo?
Nikolay Yezhov with Georgii Malenkov as Head of the NKVD
39
How many grams of bread a day were the citizens of Petrograd living on in 1918?
50
40
When did Lenin introduce food requisitioning?
Spring of 1918
41
When was the food-supplies policy set up?
May 1918
42
How was the food-supplies policy enforced?
Through the Cheka
43
What was the first industry to be entirely nationalised under Lenin?
Sugar in May 1918
44
When was nationalisation extended to almost all factories and businesses?
November 1920
45
How much had total industrial output fallen by 1921?
Around 20%
46
How much had the population decreased by in 1920 from 1917 in Petrograd?
57.5%
47
What fraction agricultural land had been abandoned to grass?
1/3
48
What percentage of the 1913 harvest was the 1921 harvest?
48%
49
How many Red Army soldiers were sent to deal with the outbreak of a 70,000 peasant army in the Tambov region in 1920?
100,000
50
What was introduced in January of 1921 to deal with increased strike action?
Martial Law
51
How many sailors were involved in the Kronstadt Naval revolt?
30,000
52
What did the Kronstadt sailors want?
An end to One-Party communism
53
How many rebels were taken prisoner?
15,000
54
When was rationing ended?
1921
55
When was the First Five Year Plan?
1928-32
56
What was the First Five Year Plan's aims?
To increase electricity production by 600%
To develop heavy industry
Increase production by 300% by setting targets for growth
Double the output from light industry such as chemicals production
57
How much did electricity output increase under the First Five Year Plan
300%
58
How much did coal and iron output increase?
200%
59
What was Magnitogorsk?
A giant steel plant set up under the First Five Year Plan that led to a town of 150,000 people
60
When was the Second Five Year Plan?
1933-37
61
What were the aims of the Second Five Year Plan?
Continue development of heavy industry
Put new emphasis on the light industries, such as chemicals, electrical and consumer goods
Develop communications to provide links between cities and areas of industry
Boost engineering and tool-making
62
When did the Moscow Metro open?
1935
63
When did the Volga Canal and the Dnieprostroi Dam open?
1937
64
What new metals were mined under the Second Five Year Plan
Copper, zinc and tin
65
What percentage did rearmament increase in GDP from 1933 to 1937?
13%
66
What industry failed to meet production targets under the Second Five Year Plan?
Oil
67
When was the Third Five Year Plan?
1938-42
68
What was the Third Five Year Plan?
Focus on the development of heavy industry for war
Promote rapid rearmament
'Complete the transition to communism'
69
How much of the expected 1926 harvest was actually produced?
50%
70
What does Stalin begin to propose at the 15th Party Congress in December 1927?
Collectivisation
71
What did Stalin say he would do to the kulaks in December 1929?
'Annihilate the kulaks as a class'
72
What percentage of peasant households were destroyed under collectivisation?
15%
73
How many richer peasants were forced to move north east to poorer land as a result of collectivisation?
c150,000
74
What percentage of grain-farming areas did Stalin announce were going to be collectivised in January 1930?
25%
75
What was a kolkhoz?
A collective operated by peasant families on state-owned land, where peasants lived rent-free but had to fulfil state-procurement quotas
76
What percentage of peasant households were collectivised by March 1930?
58%
77
How many households were still collectivised by October 1930?
20%
78
How many machine tractor stations(MTS) were established to restart collectivisation in 1931?
2500
79
How many of the most successful farmers were removed under dekulakisation?
Around 10 million people
80
What percentage of livestock was slaughtered between 1929-1933 as a result of dekulakisation?
25-30%
81
In what year did grain output finally exceed pre-collectivisation levels?
1953
82
What law was introduced for the peasantry by August 1932?
Anyone stealing from a collective could be jailed for ten years. This would later become a capital crime
83
What percentage of vegetables were produced through peasants private plots under Stalin?
52%
84
What percentage of meat were produced through peasants private plots under Stalin?
70%
85
What percentage of milk were produced through peasants private plots under Stalin?
71%
86
What were kommunalka?
A kommunalka was a communal dwelling, often taken from the aristocracy's property
87
What was proletarianisation?
Turning the masses into urban workers
88
How much had the urban workforce increase by 1932 under 'Communism'
Almost doubled
89
What was introduced in 1931 to incentivise work?
Wage differentials
Bonuses
Payment by the piece
Opportunities for better housing to reward skills and dedicated application
90
Who was Aleksei Stakhonivite?
A miner who extracted 102 tonnes of coal 5 hours in August 1935
91
When was rationing phased out?
1935
92
How was divorce impacted under Lenin?
It was made easier and less expensive
93
What reform to women's rights was introduced in 1920?
Abortion was legalised
94
What was the new family code introduced in 1926?
It gave women in 'common law' marriages the same rights as those underwent the civil ceremony
95
What part of marriage was banned in 1928?
Wedding rings
96
What reforms did Stalin introduce to divorce as of 1936?
Large fees and 60% income child support from fathers.
97
What did Stalin criminalise to strengthen traditional marriages?
Adultery
98
What did Stalin introduce to incentivise child birth?
Tax exemptions for families of six or more and bonus payments for every additional child
99
How many more women were going to work in 1940 than in 1928?
10 million
100
What percentage of the workforce was female by 1940?
43%
101
How much did the amount of women in education increase between 1928 and 1940?
It doubled
102
How much less did women earn than men?
40%
103
What was the divorce rate in Moscow in 1934?
37%
104
How many abortions were there to live births?
150,000 for every 57,000
105
What percentage of men in their thirties were married in 1937?
91%
106
What percentage of women in their thirties were married in 1937?
82%
107
What did Lenin set up for education?
The Commissariat of the Enlightenment, which provided free education at all levels in coed schools
108
What government agency were universities put under?
Veshenka
109
What aspect of tsarist education did Stalin reintroduce in 1935?
Selection, rather than prioritising the working class
110
What percentage of time in school was dedicated to Russian language and literature?
30%
111
What percentage of time in school was dedicated to maths?
20%
112
What percentage of time in school was dedicated to science?
15%
113
What percentage of time in school was dedicated to Soviet-style history?
10%
114
What did Stalin introduce to middle and higher schools and universities preparing for WWII?
Military training
115
What percentage of 9-49 year olds were literate in towns?
94%
116
What percentage of 9-49 year olds were literate in the countryside?
86%
117
What was RKSM?
A Russian young communist league formed in 1918 for those aged 14-21
118
What position did Lenin's wife, Krupskaya, have in the government?
Commissar for Education
119
What did Krupskaya establish for the RKSM in 1922?
A junior section
120
What was RKSM renamed to in 1926?
Komsomol or the All-Leninist Union Young Communist League
121
What was the age range of Komsomol?
10-28
122
What percentage of the youth were members of Komsomol in 1926?
Only 6%
123
What were Young Pioneer Palaces?
Community centres for the children and summer and winter holiday camps were organised
124
What was Komsomolskaia Pravda introduced in 1939?
A newspaper encouraging the youth to protect family values, respect their parents and promote sexual abstinence
125
What was forbidden to teach in schools as of 1921?
Religion
126
Who was Tikhon?
The Patriarch of the Orthodox Church
127
What happened to Tikhon in 1922?
He was arrested for opposing the direction of government policy
128
How were churches used for the Civil War effort?
Bells were melted down and metal sold for famine relief
129
How did Komsomol attack the church?
They would ransack them to show dedication
130
What was 'The Godless'?
An atheist newspaper founded in 1923
131
What did supporters of the 'Godless' create in 1925?
The League of the Godless to spread atheist propaganda
132
How was worship restricted in 1929?
It could only be at registered congregations
133
What did the 1936 Constitution criminalise in regards to religion?
The spread of religious propaganda
134
What was forbidden for Muslims as of 1935?
Pilgrimages to Mecca
135
How many Christian churches had been closed as of 1941?
40,000
136
How many mosques had been closed by 1941?
25,000
137
What percentage of the population considered themselves believers by 1937?
57%
138
What year were Soviet Jews given their own 'national homeland'?
1926
139
In what year did the Jewish population in the far east form their own autonomous republic?
1934
140
By 1941, what fraction of that region's population were Jewish?
1/4
141
What language became compulsory in all Soviet schools in 1938?
Russian
142
What Petrograd renamed to under Stalin?
Leningrad
143
What was the 1920s called in terms of literature and poetry?
The silver age
144
When was the Union of Soviet Writers formed?
1932
145
What was 'social realism' according to the writers' union?
The truthful, historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development
146
What position did Andrei Zhdanov occupy in 1934?
Party Secretary in Leningrad, replacing Sergei Kirov
147
When did Sovnarkom demand the arrest of the leaders of Kadet, Menshevik and SR leader?
27th October 1917
148
Who was the first director of the Cheka?
Felix Dzerzhinsky
149
What was the Cheka renamed in 1922?
The GPU
150
What was the GPU renamed in 1923?
The OGPU
151
What was the OGPU placed under from 1934-43?
The NKVD
152
How many SR and Menshevik members were shot in Petrograd alone during the Civil War?
500
153
When were the Tsar and his family shot?
17th of July 1918
154
How many priests were executed in 1921?
8000
155
How many people is it estimated that were killed between 1918-1921?
500,000-1 million
156
When was the Shakhty show trial?
1928
157
What was the Shakhty show trial?
53 miners in the Northern Caucasus were accused of counter-revolutionary activity
158
What were the consequences of the Shakhty show trial?
5 were executed and 44 placed in prison
159
Who was Genrikh Yagoda?
Chairman of the OGPU
160
What did Genrikh Yagoda create to deal with overpopulation of prisons?
Gulags
161
How many people were already in gulags by 1934 when the NKVD took over?
A million people
162
What did Ryutin do that led to his and his associates arrest?
Send an appeal to the C.C urging for Stalin's removal
163
When did Stalin announce his general purge of the party?
April 1933
164
What percentage of the party were branded
'Ryutinites' and purged?
18%
165
How many negative votes did Stalin receive in the elections to the C.C?
Around 150 but only 3 were actually recorded
166
What role did Stalin create to distribute blame for the economic crisis?
Secretary of Equal Rank
167
When was Kirov murdered?
December 1934
168
How many were arrested for political dissent/betrayal iin December 1934 by the NKVD?
6500
169
When were Zinoviev and Kamenev arrested?
January 1935
170
How many former associated of Zinoviev were arrested?
843
171
How many party members were expelled during 1935?
250,000
172
When was Zinoviev and Kamenev's(and 14 others) show trial?
August 1936
173
How many were executed as a result of the August 1936 show trial?
All 16 and additional 160 accomplices
174
Who replaced Yagoda as NKVD chief in 1936?
Nikolai Yezhov
175
Who was involved in the arrests of May-June 1937?
Eight senior military commanders, who were all shot
176
How many of the High Command were arrested?
767
177
How many of the High Command were executed?
512
178
Who was involved in the March 1938 political show trial?
Bukharin and Yagodha
179
When did the Politburo create a signifcant arrest list that targeted many branches of the public?
July 1937
180
How many people were included in the Politburo's arrest list in 1937?
250,000
181
What percentage of the C.C at the 17th Party Congress were executed?
70%
182
How many people from minority ethnic groups were put on trial?
350,000
183
What percentage of the officer corps in all three armed forces were killed?
Around 50%
184
How many people within the NKVD itself were killed during the purges?
Over 23,000
185
When was Yezhov killed?
February 1940
186
Who replaced Yezhov as NKVD chief?
Beria
187
How much more of the population lived in towns by 1939 than in 1926?
16% more
188
How much did spending on rearmament increase between 1938 and 1941?
43.4 million roubles
189
How much did defence spending increase between 1937 and 1940?
16.1%
190
How many tanks was the Soviet Union producing per month by 1941?
230
191
How many military aircraft was the Soviet Union producing per month by 1941?
700
192
How many rifles was the Soviet Union producing per month by 1941?
More than 100,000
193
