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Russia History > Russia Pt. ii(Communism time <3) > Flashcards

Russia Pt. ii(Communism time <3) Flashcards

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1
Q

How delegates arrived for the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on 26 October 1917

A

670

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2
Q

How many voted in favour of a socialist government at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

500 out of 670

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3
Q

What did the executive committee establish at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets?

A

Sovnarkom

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4
Q

Who was the executive committee compromised of?

A

Lenin as Chairman
Trotsky as Commissar for Foreign Affairs

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5
Q

Which was Decrees was put forward on October 27th?

A

Decree on peace
Decree on land

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6
Q

Which Decrees were put forward in November 1917?

A

Workers’ control decree gave workers the right to supervise management
Nationality Decree promised self-determination
Outlawed sex discrimination and gave women the right to own property
Decree against titles

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7
Q

Which decrees were put forward in Decemeber 1917?

A

Military decree
Decree on the Church
Nationalisation of banks

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8
Q

What did Kerensky prepare in order to fight the Bolsheviks?

A

18 Cossack regiments

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9
Q

How many people voted in the elections for a Constituent Assembly in November 1917?

A

41.7 million

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10
Q

Who won the majority for the Constituent Assembly?

A

The SR

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11
Q

How many more votes did the SR win than the Bolsheviks?

A

11.8 million

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12
Q

Who temporarily resigned in 1918 over Lenin’s refusal to power share?

A

Kamenev Zinoviev

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13
Q

How many died for protesting the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly?

A

12

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14
Q

What did Lenin form in December 1917 to reinforce his rule?

A

The Cheka

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15
Q

What did Lenin ban in 1921 to maintain party unity?

A

Factions

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16
Q

How many Menshevik members were arrested between 1921-1924?

A

5000

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17
Q

What was the triumvirate alliance formed in December 1922?

A

Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev to oppose Trotsky and his military support

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17
Q

What were the consequences of the show trial held for imprisoned SR members in 1922?

A

34 leaders condemned
11 executed
The Party was banned

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17
Q

What year was opposition press banned?

A

October 1917

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17
Q

What was formed at the 12th Party Congress in April 1923?

A

The Central Committee(C.C)

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17
Q

What happened at the 14th Party Congress in July 1926?

A

Stalin joins Bukharin and Zinoviev and Kamenev call for a vote of no confidence but fail

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18
Q

What happened to Trotsky in December of 1925?

A

He was forced from his position as Commissar of War

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18
Q

What did Lenin introduce in 1921 for the economy?

A

The NEP, the New Economic Plan, which reintroduced elements of capitalism

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18
Q

When was the Red Army formed?

A

January 1918

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18
Q

When was the RSFSR proclaimed?

A

July 1918

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18
Q

Name three features of the 1918 Constitution?

A

The vote was reserved for the toiling masses
Workers vote was weighted 5-1 in the election to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets
Sovnarkom was supposed to be appointed by the Congress but often ended up being chosen by the C.C
Congress only to meet in intervals

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19
Q

Who made up the ‘Whites’?

A

People opposing the concessions in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Political opponents
Tsarist supporters
Previous wartime allies

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20
Q

What was the Czech Legion?

A

45,000 soldiers aiming to fight against Germany and Austria-Hungary

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21
Q

When was the Politburo created?

A

1919(During the Civil War)

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22
Q

Which political body became less significant during the Civil War due to the Politburo?

A

Sovnarkom

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23
Q

What post did Stalin occupy as of April 2022?

A

General Secretary

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24
Q

What was the nomenklatura system?

A

5500 posts created in 1923 for key Party members that depended on appointments from the C.C

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25
Q

What replaced the RSFSR in December 1922?

A

The USSR

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26
Q

How many Party congresses were called under Stalin between 1939-1952?

A

None

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27
Q

How much did the party increase in membership due to the Lenin enrolment program after his death?

A

Doubled its membership to one million

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28
Q

How much did party membership increase between 1930-1933?

A

1,877,428

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29
Q

How many members were there by 1940?

A

3,399,975

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30
Q

Why did membership fall during the mid-1930s?

A

The Great Purges

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31
Q

What did Stalin call the 1936 constitution?

A

‘the most democratic in the world’

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32
Q

What replaced the All-Russian Congress of Soviets under the ‘36 constitution?

A

A new ‘Supreme Soviet’

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33
Q

What did the ‘36 constitution promise?

A

Local autonomy to ethnic groups and support for national cultures and languages
Elections every four years for all over eighteen(raised to 23 in 1945) but it included ‘former people’
Freedom from arbitrary arrest and right to free speech

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34
Q

How often did the Supreme Soviet actually meet?

A

Twice a year for only a few days

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35
Q

What was the History of the All-Union Communist Party?

A

Stalinist propaganda that acted as a textbook that largened his role in the October revolution and under Lenin

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36
Q

When was the History of the All-Union Communist Party published?

A

1938

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37
Q

How many copies had the All-Union Communist Party sold by 1948?

A

34 million

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38
Q

Who did Stalin fail to replace in 1937 because he was outvoted by the Politburo?

A

Nikolay Yezhov with Georgii Malenkov as Head of the NKVD

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39
Q

How many grams of bread a day were the citizens of Petrograd living on in 1918?

A

50

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40
Q

When did Lenin introduce food requisitioning?

A

Spring of 1918

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41
Q

When was the food-supplies policy set up?

A

May 1918

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42
Q

How was the food-supplies policy enforced?

A

Through the Cheka

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43
Q

What was the first industry to be entirely nationalised under Lenin?

A

Sugar in May 1918

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44
Q

When was nationalisation extended to almost all factories and businesses?

A

November 1920

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45
Q

How much had total industrial output fallen by 1921?

A

Around 20%

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46
Q

How much had the population decreased by in 1920 from 1917 in Petrograd?

A

57.5%

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47
Q

What fraction agricultural land had been abandoned to grass?

A

1/3

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48
Q

What percentage of the 1913 harvest was the 1921 harvest?

A

48%

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49
Q

How many Red Army soldiers were sent to deal with the outbreak of a 70,000 peasant army in the Tambov region in 1920?

A

100,000

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50
Q

What was introduced in January of 1921 to deal with increased strike action?

A

Martial Law

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51
Q

How many sailors were involved in the Kronstadt Naval revolt?

A

30,000

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52
Q

What did the Kronstadt sailors want?

A

An end to One-Party communism

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53
Q

How many rebels were taken prisoner?

A

15,000

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54
Q

When was rationing ended?

A

1921

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55
Q

When was the First Five Year Plan?

A

1928-32

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56
Q

What was the First Five Year Plan’s aims?

A

To increase electricity production by 600%
To develop heavy industry
Increase production by 300% by setting targets for growth
Double the output from light industry such as chemicals production

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57
Q

How much did electricity output increase under the First Five Year Plan

A

300%

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58
Q

How much did coal and iron output increase?

A

200%

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59
Q

What was Magnitogorsk?

A

A giant steel plant set up under the First Five Year Plan that led to a town of 150,000 people

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60
Q

When was the Second Five Year Plan?

A

1933-37

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61
Q

What were the aims of the Second Five Year Plan?

A

Continue development of heavy industry
Put new emphasis on the light industries, such as chemicals, electrical and consumer goods
Develop communications to provide links between cities and areas of industry
Boost engineering and tool-making

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62
Q

When did the Moscow Metro open?

A

1935

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63
Q

When did the Volga Canal and the Dnieprostroi Dam open?

A

1937

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64
Q

What new metals were mined under the Second Five Year Plan

A

Copper, zinc and tin

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65
Q

What percentage did rearmament increase in GDP from 1933 to 1937?

A

13%

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66
Q

What industry failed to meet production targets under the Second Five Year Plan?

A

Oil

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67
Q

When was the Third Five Year Plan?

A

1938-42

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68
Q

What was the Third Five Year Plan?

A

Focus on the development of heavy industry for war
Promote rapid rearmament
‘Complete the transition to communism’

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69
Q

How much of the expected 1926 harvest was actually produced?

A

50%

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70
Q

What does Stalin begin to propose at the 15th Party Congress in December 1927?

A

Collectivisation

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71
Q

What did Stalin say he would do to the kulaks in December 1929?

A

‘Annihilate the kulaks as a class’

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72
Q

What percentage of peasant households were destroyed under collectivisation?

A

15%

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73
Q

How many richer peasants were forced to move north east to poorer land as a result of collectivisation?

A

c150,000

74
Q

What percentage of grain-farming areas did Stalin announce were going to be collectivised in January 1930?

A

25%

75
Q

What was a kolkhoz?

A

A collective operated by peasant families on state-owned land, where peasants lived rent-free but had to fulfil state-procurement quotas

76
Q

What percentage of peasant households were collectivised by March 1930?

A

58%

77
Q

How many households were still collectivised by October 1930?

A

20%

78
Q

How many machine tractor stations(MTS) were established to restart collectivisation in 1931?

A

2500

79
Q

How many of the most successful farmers were removed under dekulakisation?

A

Around 10 million people

80
Q

What percentage of livestock was slaughtered between 1929-1933 as a result of dekulakisation?

A

25-30%

81
Q

In what year did grain output finally exceed pre-collectivisation levels?

A

1953

82
Q

What law was introduced for the peasantry by August 1932?

A

Anyone stealing from a collective could be jailed for ten years. This would later become a capital crime

83
Q

What percentage of vegetables were produced through peasants private plots under Stalin?

A

52%

84
Q

What percentage of meat were produced through peasants private plots under Stalin?

A

70%

85
Q

What percentage of milk were produced through peasants private plots under Stalin?

A

71%

86
Q

What were kommunalka?

A

A kommunalka was a communal dwelling, often taken from the aristocracy’s property

87
Q

What was proletarianisation?

A

Turning the masses into urban workers

88
Q

How much had the urban workforce increase by 1932 under ‘Communism’

A

Almost doubled

89
Q

What was introduced in 1931 to incentivise work?

A

Wage differentials
Bonuses
Payment by the piece
Opportunities for better housing to reward skills and dedicated application

90
Q

Who was Aleksei Stakhonivite?

A

A miner who extracted 102 tonnes of coal 5 hours in August 1935

91
Q

When was rationing phased out?

A

1935

92
Q

How was divorce impacted under Lenin?

A

It was made easier and less expensive

93
Q

What reform to women’s rights was introduced in 1920?

A

Abortion was legalised

94
Q

What was the new family code introduced in 1926?

A

It gave women in ‘common law’ marriages the same rights as those underwent the civil ceremony

95
Q

What part of marriage was banned in 1928?

A

Wedding rings

96
Q

What reforms did Stalin introduce to divorce as of 1936?

A

Large fees and 60% income child support from fathers.

97
Q

What did Stalin criminalise to strengthen traditional marriages?

A

Adultery

98
Q

What did Stalin introduce to incentivise child birth?

A

Tax exemptions for families of six or more and bonus payments for every additional child

99
Q

How many more women were going to work in 1940 than in 1928?

A

10 million

100
Q

What percentage of the workforce was female by 1940?

A

43%

101
Q

How much did the amount of women in education increase between 1928 and 1940?

A

It doubled

102
Q

How much less did women earn than men?

A

40%

103
Q

What was the divorce rate in Moscow in 1934?

A

37%

104
Q

How many abortions were there to live births?

A

150,000 for every 57,000

105
Q

What percentage of men in their thirties were married in 1937?

A

91%

106
Q

What percentage of women in their thirties were married in 1937?

A

82%

107
Q

What did Lenin set up for education?

A

The Commissariat of the Enlightenment, which provided free education at all levels in coed schools

108
Q

What government agency were universities put under?

A

Veshenka

109
Q

What aspect of tsarist education did Stalin reintroduce in 1935?

A

Selection, rather than prioritising the working class

110
Q

What percentage of time in school was dedicated to Russian language and literature?

A

30%

111
Q

What percentage of time in school was dedicated to maths?

A

20%

112
Q

What percentage of time in school was dedicated to science?

A

15%

113
Q

What percentage of time in school was dedicated to Soviet-style history?

A

10%

114
Q

What did Stalin introduce to middle and higher schools and universities preparing for WWII?

A

Military training

115
Q

What percentage of 9-49 year olds were literate in towns?

A

94%

116
Q

What percentage of 9-49 year olds were literate in the countryside?

A

86%

117
Q

What was RKSM?

A

A Russian young communist league formed in 1918 for those aged 14-21

118
Q

What position did Lenin’s wife, Krupskaya, have in the government?

A

Commissar for Education

119
Q

What did Krupskaya establish for the RKSM in 1922?

A

A junior section

120
Q

What was RKSM renamed to in 1926?

A

Komsomol or the All-Leninist Union Young Communist League

121
Q

What was the age range of Komsomol?

A

10-28

122
Q

What percentage of the youth were members of Komsomol in 1926?

A

Only 6%

123
Q

What were Young Pioneer Palaces?

A

Community centres for the children and summer and winter holiday camps were organised

124
Q

What was Komsomolskaia Pravda introduced in 1939?

A

A newspaper encouraging the youth to protect family values, respect their parents and promote sexual abstinence

125
Q

What was forbidden to teach in schools as of 1921?

A

Religion

126
Q

Who was Tikhon?

A

The Patriarch of the Orthodox Church

127
Q

What happened to Tikhon in 1922?

A

He was arrested for opposing the direction of government policy

128
Q

How were churches used for the Civil War effort?

A

Bells were melted down and metal sold for famine relief

129
Q

How did Komsomol attack the church?

A

They would ransack them to show dedication

130
Q

What was ‘The Godless’?

A

An atheist newspaper founded in 1923

131
Q

What did supporters of the ‘Godless’ create in 1925?

A

The League of the Godless to spread atheist propaganda

132
Q

How was worship restricted in 1929?

A

It could only be at registered congregations

133
Q

What did the 1936 Constitution criminalise in regards to religion?

A

The spread of religious propaganda

134
Q

What was forbidden for Muslims as of 1935?

A

Pilgrimages to Mecca

135
Q

How many Christian churches had been closed as of 1941?

A

40,000

136
Q

How many mosques had been closed by 1941?

A

25,000

137
Q

What percentage of the population considered themselves believers by 1937?

A

57%

138
Q

What year were Soviet Jews given their own ‘national homeland’?

A

1926

139
Q

In what year did the Jewish population in the far east form their own autonomous republic?

A

1934

140
Q

By 1941, what fraction of that region’s population were Jewish?

A

1/4

141
Q

What language became compulsory in all Soviet schools in 1938?

A

Russian

142
Q

What Petrograd renamed to under Stalin?

A

Leningrad

143
Q

What was the 1920s called in terms of literature and poetry?

A

The silver age

144
Q

When was the Union of Soviet Writers formed?

A

1932

145
Q

What was ‘social realism’ according to the writers’ union?

A

The truthful, historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development

146
Q

What position did Andrei Zhdanov occupy in 1934?

A

Party Secretary in Leningrad, replacing Sergei Kirov

147
Q

When did Sovnarkom demand the arrest of the leaders of Kadet, Menshevik and SR leader?

A

27th October 1917

148
Q

Who was the first director of the Cheka?

A

Felix Dzerzhinsky

149
Q

What was the Cheka renamed in 1922?

A

The GPU

150
Q

What was the GPU renamed in 1923?

A

The OGPU

151
Q

What was the OGPU placed under from 1934-43?

A

The NKVD

152
Q

How many SR and Menshevik members were shot in Petrograd alone during the Civil War?

A

500

153
Q

When were the Tsar and his family shot?

A

17th of July 1918

154
Q

How many priests were executed in 1921?

A

8000

155
Q

How many people is it estimated that were killed between 1918-1921?

A

500,000-1 million

156
Q

When was the Shakhty show trial?

A

1928

157
Q

What was the Shakhty show trial?

A

53 miners in the Northern Caucasus were accused of counter-revolutionary activity

158
Q

What were the consequences of the Shakhty show trial?

A

5 were executed and 44 placed in prison

159
Q

Who was Genrikh Yagoda?

A

Chairman of the OGPU

160
Q

What did Genrikh Yagoda create to deal with overpopulation of prisons?

A

Gulags

161
Q

How many people were already in gulags by 1934 when the NKVD took over?

A

A million people

162
Q

What did Ryutin do that led to his and his associates arrest?

A

Send an appeal to the C.C urging for Stalin’s removal

163
Q

When did Stalin announce his general purge of the party?

A

April 1933

164
Q

What percentage of the party were branded
‘Ryutinites’ and purged?

A

18%

165
Q

How many negative votes did Stalin receive in the elections to the C.C?

A

Around 150 but only 3 were actually recorded

166
Q

What role did Stalin create to distribute blame for the economic crisis?

A

Secretary of Equal Rank

167
Q

When was Kirov murdered?

A

December 1934

168
Q

How many were arrested for political dissent/betrayal iin December 1934 by the NKVD?

A

6500

169
Q

When were Zinoviev and Kamenev arrested?

A

January 1935

170
Q

How many former associated of Zinoviev were arrested?

A

843

171
Q

How many party members were expelled during 1935?

A

250,000

172
Q

When was Zinoviev and Kamenev’s(and 14 others) show trial?

A

August 1936

173
Q

How many were executed as a result of the August 1936 show trial?

A

All 16 and additional 160 accomplices

174
Q

Who replaced Yagoda as NKVD chief in 1936?

A

Nikolai Yezhov

175
Q

Who was involved in the arrests of May-June 1937?

A

Eight senior military commanders, who were all shot

176
Q

How many of the High Command were arrested?

A

767

177
Q

How many of the High Command were executed?

A

512

178
Q

Who was involved in the March 1938 political show trial?

A

Bukharin and Yagodha

179
Q

When did the Politburo create a signifcant arrest list that targeted many branches of the public?

A

July 1937

180
Q

How many people were included in the Politburo’s arrest list in 1937?

A

250,000

181
Q

What percentage of the C.C at the 17th Party Congress were executed?

A

70%

182
Q

How many people from minority ethnic groups were put on trial?

A

350,000

183
Q

What percentage of the officer corps in all three armed forces were killed?

A

Around 50%

184
Q

How many people within the NKVD itself were killed during the purges?

A

Over 23,000

185
Q

When was Yezhov killed?

A

February 1940

186
Q

Who replaced Yezhov as NKVD chief?

A

Beria

187
Q

How much more of the population lived in towns by 1939 than in 1926?

A

16% more

188
Q

How much did spending on rearmament increase between 1938 and 1941?

A

43.4 million roubles

189
Q

How much did defence spending increase between 1937 and 1940?

A

16.1%

190
Q

How many tanks was the Soviet Union producing per month by 1941?

A

230

191
Q

How many military aircraft was the Soviet Union producing per month by 1941?

A

700

192
Q

How many rifles was the Soviet Union producing per month by 1941?

A

More than 100,000

193
Q
A

Russia History (8 decks)

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