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Britain Pt. ii Flashcards

1
Q

Name a ‘wet’ in Thatcher’s cabinet?

A

Willie Whitelaw appointed Home Secretary

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2
Q

Name three ‘dries’ in Thatcher’s cabinet?

A

Geoffrey Howe, Chancellor
John Biffen, Nigel Lawson, economic posts.

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3
Q

Who was Michael Heseltine?

A

A millionaire, Conservative MP, ‘One Nation’ and pro-Europe ideas caused him problems with Thatcher and he resigned from her cabinet over the Westland Affair in 1986

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4
Q

What was the SDP?

A

The Social Democratic Party, founded in 1981 after a divide in Labour

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5
Q

Who was Michael Foot?

A

A Bevanite Labour MP, who was on the far left and elected leader in 1980

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6
Q

Who was the ‘Gang of Four’?

A

David Owen, Roy Jenkins, Shirley Williams and Bill Rodgers

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7
Q

How many other Labour MPs joined the Gang of Four to start?

A

28

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8
Q

What happened at the Wembley Labour Party Conference in Jan. 1981?

A

The hard left heckled speakers they disliked and disrupted any progress.

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9
Q

What happened for the SDP in the 1981 by-elections?

A

Shirley Williams won a by-election in the Conservative seat of Crosby
They formed an alliance with the Liberals(the Alliance).

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10
Q

Who was Neil Kinnock?

A

The leader of the Labour Party from 1983 and focused on reigning in the Militant Tendency of the left and criticised union leaders and Bennites.

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11
Q

What had Kinnock expelled from Labour by 1986?

A

Militant Tendency.

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12
Q

What happened in South America, April 1982?

A

Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands.

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13
Q

What was the Total Exclusion Zone?

A

An area of 370 kilometres around the Falklands where anything that entered was liable to be attacked by the British

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14
Q

What happened at General Belgrano?

A

General Belgrano was a ship that British Navy Admiral Woodward ordered to be sunk despite being outside the TEZ

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15
Q

How many died because of General Belgrano?

A

323 people died, 2 of which were civilians.

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16
Q

How many people died on either side of the Falklands War?

A

649 casualties on Argentina’s side. 255 on the British.

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17
Q

How much was the anti-Conservative vote in 1983?

A

16 million. 3 million more than the Conservative.

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18
Q

How much of a majority did the Conservatives get in 1983?

A

144 seats

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19
Q

How many more seats did Labour gain than the SDP compared to votes?

A

Half a million more votes but 186 more seats in Parliament

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20
Q

Why did the SDP-Liberal Alliance struggle?(give three reasons)

A

Opposition to Thatcher did not provide unity
David Steel and David Owen had personal divisions
Unemployment was beginning to come down as of 1986

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21
Q

What percentage of the vote did The Alliance get in 1987?

A

Only 24%

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22
Q

In what year did the Liberals and SDP merge into Lib Dem?

A

1988

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23
Q

Who led the hunger strikes for Special Category Status for the IRA in the ’80s?

A

Bobby Sands, who would later be elected as the MP for Fermanagh South Tyrone

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24
Q

When and why did Bobby Sands die?

A

1981, just after being elected as an MP due to starvation

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25
How many hunger strikers(not including Sands) died before the protest was called off?
9
26
What happened in Brighton, October 1984?
The IRA exploded a bomb, in an attempt to kill Thatcher during the Tory party conference
26
Who was Gerry Adams?
President of Sinn Fein, who developed the 'ballot box and the gun' strategy
27
What were the casualties of the Brighton bomb?
Five were killed
28
What was the Hillsborough Agreement?
An agreement between the UK government and the Republic of Ireland government, which as signed in November 1985. It gave the Irish government an advisory role in Northern Ireland and specified that Northern Ireland was part of the UK.
29
How many loyalists attended the protest rally for the Hillsborough Agreement in Belfast?
200,000
30
What was the Ulster Resistance?
A unionist paramilitary group set up in 1986
31
How many died in the Hyde/Regent Park bombings of July 1982?
11 soldiers killed by the IRA
32
How many were killed by the Droppin Well bomb in Ballykally, Northern Ireland, December 1982?
11 soldiers and 6 civilians killed by the IRA.
33
How many killed in the Harrods, London bombing in December 1983?
6 people killed by IRA
34
How many people were killed in Feb 1985 in Newry?
9 RUC officers killed an IRA mortar attack
35
How many were shot by SAS in May 1987?
8 IRA volunteers and 1 civilian
36
How many killed on Remembrance Day, 1987 by the IRA?
12 people killed in Northern Ireland by bomb
37
What was inflation in 1980?
15%
38
What was unemployment in 1980?
Above 2 million
39
What saved the British economy from a balance of crisis payments in 1980?
North Sea oil and gas
40
How did the 1981 budget change tax?
Top rate of income tax fell from 83% to 40% by 1988 and standard rate fell to 25% from 33%. VAT went up from 8% to 15%
41
What was rate capping?
Reducing the local taxation charged by local councils on all privately owned businesses and houses.
42
Why was rate capping introduced?
To restrain Labour local authorities, considered the 'loony left'
43
What was the Local Government Act of 1986?
Abolished big metropolitan local authorities that Heath had set up, centralising power in the government.
44
When was British Petroleum privatised?
October 1979
45
When was British Aerospace Privatised?
February 1981
46
When was Cable and Wireless privatised?
October 1981
47
When was Britoil privatised?
November 1982
48
When was Associated British ports privatised?
February 1983
49
When was Enterprise Oil privatised?
July 1984
50
When was British Telecom privatised?
December 1984
51
When was British Gas privatised?
December 1986?
52
When was British Airways privatised?
February of 1987
53
When was British Steel privatised?
December 1988
54
When was Water privatised?
December 1989
55
When was Electricity privatised?
December 1990
56
Why was the sale of British gas in '86 significant?
It became the biggest share offer in history at the time
57
How many more people owned stocks and shared by 1990 than in 1979?
6 million
58
What was the Enterprise Allowance Scheme?
Encouraged the unemployed to start their own businesses by giving them £40 a week for up to year.
59
What was financial deregulation?
Loosening of controls on banks and financial markets.
60
When was the London Stock Exchange deregulated?
27th October 1986
61
What is the term yuppie short for?
Young urban professional
62
How much did GDP actually grow during the 1980s?
2.2%
63
What were interest rates raised to in 1979?
17%
64
What was inflation at in May of 1980?
22%
65
What was inflation at in 1986?
2.5%
66
What was inflation at in 1990?
10.9%
67
How much did manufacturing output fall by in 2 years?
15%
68
How much was steel production cut by?
30%
69
How many people were unemployed by 1983?
Over 3 million(13.5% of the workforce).
70
What were Youth Employment Schemes?
Gave subsidy to take young people on
71
When did unemployment finally fall below 3 million?
1987
72
What was unemployment in Liverpool at its peak?
25%
73
What was the sus law?
Gave police officers permission to stop and search suspected persons if they thought they might commit a crime.
74
What was the Scarman Report?
A commissioned report to examine causes of riots in 1981. I t
75
What did The Scarman Report identify as the main causes for riots?
Poverty and race
76
What was the Housing Act of 1980?
Gave council tenants the right to buy their council house
77
How much of a discount did people using the 1980 Housing Act get?
33%-50% depending on duration of occupancy
78
By 1988, how many people had bought their council houses?
Around 2 million
79
What was outlawed in 1980 to reduce strike action?
Secondary picketing
80
In 1984, unions were put under pressure to hold ___ prior to a strike?
A ballot
81
How long did workers at Murdoch's (press baron) Wapping plant try to strike for?
13 months starting in January 1986
82
What did Thatcher call the striking miners in 1984-85
'the enemy within'
83
Why didn't the Conservatives close the 23 pits when the NCB warned about it in 1981?
They wanted to build a reserve and reduced the amount of coal imported temporarily.
84
How many pits did Ian McGregor announce would be closed in 1984?
20 pits
85
How many pits did Scargill think would be closed because of a document he saw?
70
86
What breakaway union did the Nottingham miners create?
The Union of Democratic Mineworkers
87
What started the Battle of Orgreave?
In June 1984, 5000 miners formed a mass picket at a coke plant in Orgreave, South Yorkshire.
88
How many police were at the Battle of Orgreave?
8000
89
How many were injured at the Battle of Orgreave?
50 picketers(including Arthur Scargill) and 70 police officers.
90
How many did the coal industry employed in '79 compared to 1990?
200,000 in '79 and 60,000 in 1990
91
What was the poll tax?
Everyone in an area paid the same flat rate tax.
92
What was the highest percentage of non-payers of poll tax in some areas?
30%
93
How many people attended an anti-poll tax demonstration in Trafalgar Square, March 1990?
200,000
94
How many people were injured at the riot in Trafalgar Square, March 1990?
Nearly 5000
95
How many were arrested at the riot in Trafalgar Square, March 1990?
Over 300
96
What did Oxford University vote against, despite every other Oxford educated Prime Minister receiving it?
Giving Thatcher an honorary degree.
97
What was 'Faith in the City'?
A report produced by the Church of England in 1985, which called on the government to help deprived communities more.
98
What was Shelter?
A campaign against the increasing homelessness problem.
99
What was Age Concern?
A campaign against pensioner poverty.
100
Why was the CND upset in 1979?
The British had stationed American Cruise Missiles at bases in the country.
101
Where and when did women set up a protest camp that lasted 19 years?
In September 1981 and outside Greenham Common base.
102
What did people to protest the missiles arrival in April 1983?
70,000 protestors formed a 14- mile human chain of protest.
103
What did the Newbury council do to the women's camp in 1984?
Evicted the women and demolished the camp.
104
What did Thatcher give Reagan permission to do in 1986 despite it being unpopular?
Bomb Libya using British air bases.
105
What did the Soviets foolishly do in 1979?
Invade Afghanistan
106
How many people marched with the CND in 1983 to oppose nuclear weapons?
200,000
107
When was the first meeting between Gorbachev and Thatcher?
1984
108
When do summits with the USA and the USSR begin?
1986
109
When was the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty signed?
1987
110
What did the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty stipulate for the USA and the USSR?
Mutual disarmament and limited short-range weapons
111
What was Thatcher's attitude to Britain called?
Handbag diplomacy
112
What did Thatcher manage to receive from the EEC in 1984?
A rebate
113
When was the Channel Tunnel project agreed?
1986
114
When was the Single European Act?
1986
115
What was the Westland Affair?
The sale of Westland to an American company that Thatcher orchestrated
116
Who was Thatcher's Chancellor by the end of the decade?
Nigel Lawson
117
What did the 'Lawson Boom' cause?
A balance of payment problems
118
What was inflation at by 1990?
10.9%
119
When did the First Gulf War reach its conclusion?
March 1991
120
When was poll tax abandoned?
November 1991
121

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