Russia 3 Flashcards
name the national liberal organisation set up in 1903
union of liberation
name the socialist party inspired by the peoples will
the socialist revolutionary party
what was the name of the Jewish marxist social Democratic Party?
the Jewish bund
what was the name of the marxist social Democratic Party established in 1898?
the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP)
which naval base was initially attacked by the Japanese and when?
Port Arthur in Jan 904
what was the name of the battle that destroyed the Russian fleet and when was it?
Battle of Tsushima in May 1905
who was assassinated by the socialist revolutionary party in July 1904?
Plehve
how many marched and who were they led by on bloody Sunday?
150,000 workers led by Father Gapon
when was Bloody Sunday?
Jan 9th 1905
what was the name of the silent protests in villages against landlords?
red cockerel
what happened when the ‘red cockerel’ rebellions spread to the military?
sailors on the Battleship Potemkin mutinied against the commanders
what event in Oct 1905 led to the October Manifesto?
general strike
when did the Tsar sign the October manifesto?
17 Oct 1905
what were 3 concessions of the October Manifesto?
-civic and freedom rights to Russians
-a state Duma
-the State Duma to have the power to approve laws
what did Nicholas introduce to reassert his power after the October manifesto and when?
fundamental laws, April 1906
what did the fundamental laws mean?
the tsar claimed control over the Orthodox Church, the right to e=veto legislation, rule by decree in an emergency or when Duma was not in session, appoint and dismiss ministers, and dissolve the Duma. he put himself in command of the military and could even declare war. he could overturn verdicts and sentences given in court.
What reforms did Pyotr introduce?
Agricultural reforms
Which party were neo-populists?
Socialist revolutionary party
Which party was Marxist?
RSDWP
Which part was Liberal?
Union of Liberation
Who were the kadets?
Liberals (constitutional democrats)
What attitude did the first duma follow?
Highly critical of the Tsar
Was the second Duma more or less radical than the first?
More
Why was the second Duma ‘dissolved’ and what was this known as?
After Stolypin spread rumours of a plan to assassinate the Tsar so its most radical members. Known as stolypins coup
What was the third Duma like?
Stolypins coup formed a far more submissive Duma
How did Stolypin mix partial reform with severe repression?
Introduces agricultural reforms that weakened the Mir, established courts martial where people tried in these courts had no right to a lawyer
What was the hangman’s noose know as and why?
Became known as Stolypin’s neck tie as over 3,000 people executed by the court system he introduced
What and When was the Lena Goldfields massacre?
April 1912, workers striking in Lena Goldfields in Siberia were shot dead by govt troops
What did the Lena Goldfields massacre cause in Russia?
Strikes broke out across Russia and cities throughout the empire
How were Russias social democratics divided?
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
How did railways contribute to the strengthening of Tsarist industry?
Railway lines increased in number and length (e.g. the trans-Siberian railway between 1891-1902
How did Sergeii Witte strengthen Tsarist industry by 1914?
Encouraged growth of heavy industry by bringing in large loans
How did Witte’s encouragement of the growth of heavy industry benefit Russia?
In the Donbas region of Ukraine, coal mining developed rapidly.
Baku- oil production grew
By 1914, Russia was the world’s 4th largest producer of coal, pig iron, and steel and second largest of oil
By 1914, where was Russia in industrial power internationally?
Fifth largest industrial power
What was one way in which Tsarist government was weakened by 1914?
Provincial towns and cities outside Moscow and St Petersburg remained underdeveloped as roads were often unpaved, houses made of wood and housing inadequate for amount of workers
What was Stolypin’s aims when introducing the agricultural reforms?
To turn peasants into the private owners of their land not ties to the Mir and to get rid of strip farming which he felt would be more efficient and productive and make peasants loyal supporters of the Tsar
Give 4 agricultural reforms by Stolypin
- Govt subsidies introduced to encourage peasant migration to Siberia
- Peasants given right to leave the Mir
- Redemption payments abolished
- All peasant communes that have not redistributed land since 1861 are dissolved
Give 3 positive consequences of Stolypin’s agricultural reforms
- Amount of la
Land owned privately by peasants rose from 20% to 50%
2.grain production from 56 mill tonnes a year to 90 mill tons (4th largest cereal exporter - Agricultural production further boosted by mass emigration of 3.5 mill peasants to Siberia
Give 3 negative consequences of Stolypin’s agricultural reforms
- By 1913, only 1.3 mill out of 5 mill application from peasants to take land out of commune had been processed
- By 1914 90% peasant land still in strips
3.only about 1% peasants became kulaks and many forced to sell land and leave farming
Give 3 examples of how life in towns and cities hadn’t improved by 1914
- Workers and families cramped living conditions
- 30,000 in St Petersburg died of Cholera (1908-09)
3.long hours and difficult working conditions
Give 3 ways Russian society and culture changed by 1914
- Govt expenditure on education from 5 mill (1896) to 82 mill roubles (1914)
2.over 6.5 mill children aged 8-11 received primary education
3.censorship relaxed after 1905 (experiments in modernism)
Give 3 ways in which Russian society and culture didn’t change by 1914
- Still 40% illiteracy
2.most Russians
retained ties to the Orthodox Church - Only a third of children in primary education were girls
How did Nobility’s lives change by 1914?
Some sold off land to become factory workers but those who didn’t know how to handle finance fell into increased bankruptcy and debt
How did the lives of the middle class change by 1914?
Zemstvos and Dumas became very important for middle class representation
How did the lives of the working a class change by 1914?
Increasingly able to leave villages
Increasingly drawn to socialist ideas + revolution
Exploded in size
How did the lives of the peasantry change by 1914?
Agricultural changes were beginning to take place (e.g. Stolypins reforms)
how did education change by 1914? (positively)
govt expenditure rose from 5 million roubles in 1896 to over 82 million roubles in 1914
by 1911, 6.5 million children received primary education
how did education remain the same by 1914?
education far better developed in towns and cities compared to villages
eduacation remained elitist with most uni students coming from wealthier social classes (peasant children only 25%)
what percentage of the Russian population was illiterate by 1914?
40%
who was the author of the short stories read by commuters on their journey to work?
Anton Chekhov
by 1914 what were 60% of peasants?
illiterate
what was Russia’s age of flourishing culture under Nicholas II in the early 1900s called?
the silver age
what was the modernist ballet composed by Igor Stravinsky called?
Firebird
