rural to urban

Question 1

push factors

Answer 1

mechanised agriculture
land grabs
MNCs
displacement of people by global systems and environmental challenges

Question 2

pull factors

Answer 2

freedom from pressures from families (aged populations)
feeling modern
more opportunities
higher quality education/ healthcare 
large scale employment

Question 3

kumawu, northern ghana (push-rural)

Answer 3

mechanised agriculture: loss of jobs, lack of skills, lower pay, land grabs, fertilizers

land grabs: (chinese gold mines, biofuels, palm oil) less crops, destroys land, corruption, dangerous work environment, less homes, less jobs, no legal ownership

MNCs: deforestation, dangerous work conditions, indigenous slaves, low pay, lakes used/contaminated, child labour, villages relocated, competition for independent/ fair trade groups e.g divine chocolate

global systems and environmental challenges: deforestation, climate change, water loss, dried land, no food, pests

Question 4

kumasi, southern ghana (pull-urban)

Answer 4

freedom from pressures from families: extensive labour, child marriage/tribal traditions, no opportunities, less dependence, lack of education, limited skills

feeling modern: infrastructure/NMCs e,g KFC, new prospects, better quality of life, cultural centre, diversity, higher income

more opportunities for higher quality education/ healthcare: universities, english speakers higher paying jobs

large scale employment: tourism, bigger global links, new jobs, promotions, guaranteed pay, new skills, range of programs, jobs to match qualifications

Question 5

ghana case study

Answer 5

internal: north to south
external: ghana to china

facilitating factors are pull factors

Question 6

rural to urban impacts

Answer 6

social: overcrowding, lack of houses, decreased housing quality, increased rent, slums crime rate increases, conflict with unregistered, strain on services , tension, remittance, pollution, congestion, ageing demographic in rural areas
environmental: habitat recovery, more flooding, increased emissions, land use, deforestation, MNCs
political: instability, more control, anti-migration polices (reduce funding)
economic: more low skilled jobs, lower pay for migrants, more jobs/ more diversity, less trade in rural areas, growth of sectors, larger work force