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Large Animal Disease > Ruminant Multisystemic Disease > Flashcards

Ruminant Multisystemic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: BVDV can be eliminated

A

True

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2
Q

What is the prevalence of BVD

A

50-90% of cattle are serologically positive

<1 to 2% of general cattle population thta is persistently infected animals and individual herds may be higher

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3
Q

What are the different Flaviviruses

A

RNA viruses

1) Pestiviruses
-Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
-Border Disease Virus (BDCV)
-Hog Cholera Virus (HCV)

2) Flaviviruses
-Louping III virus
-Japanese Encephalitis Virus
-Wesselsbron Virus

3) Human Hepatitis C Virus

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4
Q

Why is BVDV really hard to get people to want to eradicate it

A

because it doesnt cause severe enough death, like other viruses do

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5
Q

T/F: both cytopathic and noncytopathic BVDV can cause clinical disease

A

True

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6
Q

What is the main difference between the cytopathic vs noncytopathic BVDV biotypes

A

In vitro designation

noncytopathic viruses are predominant biotype transmitted naturally

BOTH cause clinical disease

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7
Q

What is the predominant BVDV biotype

A

Noncytopathic - because persistently infected animals can only be infected with the noncytopathic strain

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8
Q

When vaccinating for BVDV, you need to vaccinate against what

A

BOTH BVDV Type 1 and Type 2

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9
Q

How does BVDV Type 1 and Type 2 differ

A

antigenically and genetically different

both cause similar disease syndromes

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10
Q

what BVDV type causes thrombocytopenic syndrome

A

BVDV Type 2

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11
Q

T/F: BVDV has strong antigenic drift

A

True

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12
Q

What serves as the primary reservoir for shedding of BVDV into the environment

A

Persistently infected animals

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13
Q

What other species might maintain BVDV

A

Sheep
Deer
Pigs

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14
Q

The infection outcomes of BVD depend on

A

-Pregnancy status
-Gestational age
-Immune status
-Strain of virus

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15
Q

What are the 4 infection outcomes of animals with BVDV

A

1) Acute infection
2) Fetal Infection
3) Mucosal Disease
4) Persistent infection

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16
Q

Animals with acute BVD infection likely are

A

NOT persistently infected

In fact, they havent seen virus or low levels of immunity
experiencing just a transient signs

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute BVD infection

A

Most are subclinical and just transient infection
Mild fever, maybe missed

Clinical: fever, diarrhea, depression, ocular/nasal discharge, ulcers platelet problems- bleeding

Mucosal disease (if PI and superinfected)

immine suppression- BRD, poor vaccine response

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18
Q

If a cow is a persistently infected cow and gets acute infection / superinfected with different strain then what occurs

A

Mucosal disease

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19
Q

PI cattle infected with endogenous noncytopathic BVDV
OR
animals become superinfected with cytopathic strain of BVDV

A

Mucosal Disease

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20
Q

Why might you see Bovine Respiratroy disease and poor vaccine response with BVD

A

immunosuppression
causes thrombocytopenia
neutropenia
lymphopenia

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21
Q

T/F: Acute BVDV infection causes severe fever, diarrhea, depression

A

False- often times subclinical or missed

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22
Q

BVD fetal infection is dependent on

A

1) Viral strain
2) Stage of pregnancy

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23
Q

Fetal infection with BVD might cause

A

1) Embryonic death
2) Abortion
3) Congenital defects
4) Persistent infection 30 to 125-150 days
5) Fetal immune response and seroconversion resulting in healthy live calf (>180 days of gestation) - NCP or CP

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24
Q

What form of BVDV creates persistently infected individuals

A

Non-cytopathic

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25
Q

Calves with persistent infection to BVDV are infected within what time frame of gestation

A

30-125 days of gestation

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26
Q

How does the fetus become immunotolerant and have a persistent BVDV infection when infects days 30-125 days of gestation

A

Fetus becomes immunotolerant when the non-cytopathic virus strain infects them
No antibodies to the particular viral strain (before immune development of MHC)

the virus persists - clinically normal, weak, poor doer, immunosuppressed

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27
Q

With fetal infection of BVD,i f infected 30-125 days of gestation, the virus persist. what are the fates of the animal

A

Clinically normal
Weak, poor doer
Immunosuppressed

50% die within the first year of life

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28
Q

What is the key to eradicating BVDV

A

Eradicating the persistently infected animals

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29
Q

What is the fate of persistently infected calves with BVDV

A

50% die within the first year of life

few survive beyond 2 years of age
may be born small, have slow growth rates, appear unthrifty, predisposed to infections
some appear clinically healthy

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30
Q

What is the primary source of BVDV infection spread

A

Persistently infected cows- shed phenomenal amounts of virus

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31
Q

PIs occur when the fetus is infected between

A

30-125 days of age

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32
Q

At what stage of gestation does BVDV cause early embryonic death and infertilty

A

within the first month of gestation - fetus just dies

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33
Q

Calves that come across BVDV after 180 days of gestation have

A

fetal immune response, seroconversion
born healthy live calf

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34
Q

Congenital effects from BVDV occur when infection happens

A

during 60-80 to 150-180 days of gestation

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35
Q

What is seen with BVDV causing reproductive failure

A

5-10% drop in 1st service conception
5-10% increase in early embryonic death
2-5% increase in sporadic abortion

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36
Q

What congenital defects do you see with BVD infections during 80-180 days of gestaton

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia *
Hydrocephalus
Hypomyelogenesis
Microphthalmia
Cataracts
Retinal atrophy/dysplasia
Brachygnathia
Thymic hypoplasia
Hypotrichosis

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37
Q

BVDV causing thrombocytopenia is from a

A

Type 2 Non-cytopathic strain of BVDV

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38
Q

Immunosuppression from BVDV is typically associated with what form of infection

A

Acute infection

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39
Q

What is seen with immunosuppression of BVDV

A

1) Humoral and cell mediated immunity is impaired
2) Leukopenia
3) Lymphoid depletion
4) Decreased responsiveness of lymphocytes
5) Inhibited bactericidal activity of neutrophils
6) Associated with BRD

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40
Q

Why is BVD commonly associated with bone respiratory disease complex

A

because it causes increased susceptibilty to disease and decreased vaccination response

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41
Q

What is seen with hemorrhagic syndrome from BVDV

A

Thrombocytopenia from NCP BVD type II

-Platelet destruction and altered function
-Hemorrhagic diathesis
-Bloody diarrhea, epistaxis, hyphema, bleeding from injection sites, petechiation, ecchymoses, uterine bleeding

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42
Q

What are the 3 ways cows might get mucosal disease BVD

A

1) Spontaneous mutation in PI animal -most common

2) Natural or iatrogenic (MLV vaccine) infection- currently rare

3) Recombination between a heterologous cytopathic virus (natural or iatrogenic) and the persistent non-cytopathic virus (extremely rare)

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43
Q

What is the most common way an animal might get mucosal disease

A

PI animal has spontaneous mutation of BVD

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44
Q

Mucosal disease from BVD has the exact same clinical signs as

A

Rinderpest

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45
Q

What are the clinical signs of mucosal disease from BVD

A

1) Persistently high fever
2) Severe epithelial erosions/ulcerations *
on GIT and interdigital space, teats, vulva

Case fatality rate - 100%
most die within 3-10 days

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46
Q

What is the case fatality rate of mucosal disease from BVD

A

100%
most die within 3-10 days

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47
Q

Where does the severe epithelial erosions / ulcerations seen with mucosal disease typically occur

A

GI tract: tongue, palate, buccal surfaces, palate > severe diarrhea leading to severe diarrhea / dysentery

Interdigital space, coronary band leading to lameness

Teats, Vuval

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48
Q

What does the BVD leukogram look like

A

1) Lymphopenia
2) Neutropenia
-Severe (<1000/ul)
-No left shift
3) Thrombocytopenia
-Less than 100,000/ul, sometimes as low as 10,000 uL
type II, non-cytopathic, acute BVD

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49
Q

What is the mode of BVD transmission

A

Most secretions
-in feces, aersols, saliva, urine, uterine fluids, blood

inhalation/ingestion
blood feeding insects
mechanical vectors- needles
horizontal/veneareal - semen
vertical- transplacental

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50
Q

Animals with BVD acute infects shed

A

lower levels with limited length of shedding

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51
Q

How is BVD most commonly spread to different farms

A

most farms buy the problem into the herd
with PI or cow pregnant with a PI

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52
Q

PI animals that get pregnant will always produce what offspring

A

produce PI infected offspring

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53
Q

How do you diagnose BVD

A

Suspicion: herd records, signalment and history, clinical signs and CBC, pathology/ histopathology

Definitive:
virus isolation (tissue, blood/serum)
PCR, ELISA
Serology

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54
Q

How do you get the definitive BVD diagnosis

A

virus isolation (tissue, blood/serum)
PCR, ELISA
Serology

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55
Q

How do you screen a herd for BVD

A

BVD Serology
1) 10 or more in-contact animals
2) Calves >6 months of age
3) Any titer >512 suggestive of circulating BVD

indicates the likely presence of a PI animal

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56
Q

Any BVD titer in a calve >6 months of age that is greater than ______ is suggestive of BVD

A

> 512

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57
Q

Herd screening for BVD indicates the likely presence of

A

a PI animal

58
Q

How old do cows need to be to screen for BVD

A

> 6months of age

59
Q

How do you definitively diagnose acute BVD infection

A

Virus isolation
PCR *
IHC
paired serology

60
Q

What are the two tests to destinguish PIs of BVD ***

A

EAR NOTCH
1) Antigen capture ELISA (blood) - rarely for acute
2) IHC

others: antigen capture ELISA on serum >6mo (acute infections wont have high enough levels), or paired PCR (4 weeks apart), virus isolation-paired

61
Q

T/F: PI animals will have high titers of virus that can be observed in hair follicles in epidermis

A

True

62
Q

How do you make the distinction between BVD acute infections and PI animals

A

PI animals will have large amounts of virus that can be observed in fair follicles and epidermis
-Ear notch antigen capture ELISA or IHC

63
Q

Antigen Capture ELISA for BVD

A

Rapid: 1-3 days
Inexpensive
Less sensitive (some false negatives)
Less specific (some false positives)

Maternal Antibody Interference: Calves > 6months

Use serum
good for PI screening

64
Q

How do you submit a skin biopsy IHC for BVD

A

ear notch
formalin

*No maternal Ab inhibition

65
Q

When testing for BVD, there is no concern of maternal Ab inhibition with

A

1) Skin Biopsy IHC
2) Skin Antigen Capture ELISA

66
Q

Skin Antigen capture ELISA for BVD

A

Ear notch
Refrigerate or Freeze
No maternal Ab inhibition
Mix with saline for Ag capture ELISA

67
Q

How do you control and manage BVD

A

1) Eliminate the source - PI carriers
2) Test all incoming cattle for PI carriers
3) Quarantine all incoming cattle for 1 month
4) Vaccinate all incoming cattle
5) Herd vaccination program
-Type I and Type II

67
Q

What is the gold standard vaccine for BVD

A

Modified Live Virus
1) Induces best protection
2) Prevents viremia-reproductively protective
3) One dose required- quicker protection and less labor
4) Longer lasting >18 months

68
Q

What are the pros to the modified live vaccine for BVD

A

1) Induces best protection
2) Prevents viremia-reproductively protective
3) One dose required- quicker protection and less labor
4) Longer lasting >18 months

69
Q

What is a downside to the BVD modified live vaccine

A

abortifacient /teratogenic if vaccinating for the first time

70
Q

First time BVD vaccination with a modified live in a pregnant animal will

A

abort the fetus

71
Q

What BVD vaccination is not abortifacient

A

Killed

72
Q

What BVD vaccination induces best protection

A

Modified Live

73
Q

Is protection against BVD greater in modified live or killed

A

Modified Live: >18 months

Killed: 4 months

74
Q

Does modifed live or killed BVD vaccine have less doses required

A

Modified Live- quicker protection and less labor associated

75
Q

T/F: killed BVD vaccines prevent against viremia

A

False- can still get PI

modified live is better

76
Q

What are common multisystemic diseases seen in cattle

A

Histophilus
Leptospirosis
Mycoplasma
Malignant catarrhal fever
Bluetongue
Rinderpest
Foot and Mouth Disease

77
Q

a gram - rod
facultative anaerobe
capnophilic
requires special media
difficult to culture
feedlot > dairy

A

Histophilus somni

78
Q

Histophilus somni causes what 5 syndromes

A

Respiratory *
CNS *
Reproductive
Musculoskeletal
Septicemia

becomes septicemic really commonly and moves to other tissues

79
Q

Histophilus somni is more common in feedlots or dairies

A

Feedlots - young and growing animals

80
Q

What is seen in Histophilus somni respiratory syndrome

A

Bronchopenumonia
Pleuritis
Otitis media
Necrotizing laryngitis

81
Q

What causes sleeper calves

A

Thrombo Meningoencephalitis (TME) from Histophilus somni

82
Q

What is seen with Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis

A

-Fever, depression, ataxia
-Blindness
-Seizures
-Death
-High morbidity
-Respiratory disease and myocarditis increasing in prevalence vs TME

83
Q

What are the two major components that Histophilus causes

A

1) Respiratory- bronchopneumonia, pleuritis, otitis media, necrotizing laryngitis

2) Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis (TME)

84
Q

What reproductive issues is seen with Histophilus somni

A

EED and abortion
metritis
vaginitis
orchitis

85
Q

What musculoskeletal abnormaltiies is seen with Histophilus somni

A

Septic arthritis *
Tenosynovitis
Tendonitis

86
Q

Histophilus somni
septicemia leads to

A

Thrombotic Meningoencephalitis and myocarditis

also hepatitis, nephritis, retinitis/hemorrhage

87
Q

What is the common source of Histophilus somni

A

Chronic carrier cattle
Secretions
Excretions

88
Q

When doing necropsies, what is one of the most common ways to find Histophilus somni

A

Cut into the heart
Myocarditis

89
Q

How do you diagnose Histophilus somni

A

Culture - swabs, tissue, exudate. no transport media, keep moist, check labratory

Serology- acute and convalescent

Pathology and Clinical signs

90
Q

How do you treat Histophilus somni

A

Oxytetracycline
Florfenicol
Ceftiofur
Tilmicosin
Supportive

most of the time you cant save the cow but you need to be ready to prevent potential other cattle from developing further

91
Q

How should you control for Histophilus somni

A

1) antimicrobials in outbreak
a) Tetracycline in feed
b) Mass medicate 1 time

2) Vaccination with Bacterin -decent efficacy and some reactions

3) Eliminate chronic carriers

92
Q

What are the 2 major host adapted bacteria in cattle

A

1) Leptospirosis
2) Salmonella

93
Q

Gram - spirochetes
Host adapted reservoir

transmitted through urine, aerosol, water

causes sporadic infections

A

Leptospirosis

94
Q

How is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

urine
aerosol
water

95
Q

What is the host adapted salmonella in cattle

A

Dublin - host adapted, most dont die

96
Q

Non-host adapted Leptospirosis causes what in cattle

A

Acute, severe infection

1) Hemolytic Anemia- L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhagiae
2) Hepatitis (canine)
3) Nephritis
4) Aortion
5) Mastitis

96
Q

What Lepto strains cause hemolytic anemia in cattle

A

L. pomona
L. icterohaemorrhagiae

97
Q

How does host-adapted disease differ from non-host adapted lepto disease in cattle

A

Host Adapted Diseases
-Chronic infections
-Mild to subclinical
-Transient malaise
-Agalactiae (Europe staine)

Non-Host Adapted:
Acute, severe infection
1) Hemolytic Anemia- L. pomona, L. icterohaemorrhagiae
2) Hepatitis (canine)
3) Nephritis
4) Aortion
5) Mastitis

98
Q

What are the characteristics of host-adapted Lepto diseases

A

-Chronic infections
-Mild to subclinical
-Transient malaise
-Agalactiae (Europe staine)

99
Q

What is the Leptospira serovar that is host adapted to cattle

A

hardjo-bovis

100
Q

What is the Leptospira serovar that is host adapted to Swine and rodents

A

pomona

101
Q

What is the Leptospira serovar that is host adapted to rodents and is zoonotic to humans *

A

Icterohaemorrhagiae

102
Q

What is the Leptospira serovar that is host adapted to found in racoons, skunks, opassums

A

grippotyphosa

103
Q

What is the Leptospira serovar that is host adapted to swine and horses

A

bratislava

104
Q

In cattle, what is the most common outcome of Leptospira - serovar hardjo-bois

A

Abortion
6-12 weeks post infection

105
Q

How does leptospira typically infect

A

1) Resides in renal tissues, shed in urine in high concentrations
2) Contact with urine contamination
3) Penetrates mucous membranes or compromised skin
4) Incubates for 3-7 days
5) Shed lepto before clinical signs appear

106
Q

Animals shed lepto before

A

clinical signs occur

107
Q

How do you diagnose Leptospira

A

1) Culture urine- cold enrichment
2) Fluorescent Antibody test on abortion tetal tissues
3) Serology- Microagglutination test (IgM)- timing vs seroconversion
acute- titer >100 + clinical signs
Chronic need to survery herd
4) PCR

108
Q

How do you treat Leptospira in cattle

A

1) Oxytetracycline
2) Ceftioufur (Naxcel)

Dyhydrostreptomycin isnt available anymore

109
Q

How do you control Leptospirosis in cattle

A

1) Eliminate carriers: host adapted and non-host adapted
2) Vaccination- bacterin (5 serovars)
3) Specific L. hardjo bacterin (enhanced effacacy)

110
Q

What are the two vaccinations for leptospirosis in cattle

A

1) Bacterin - 5 serovars
2) Specific L. hardjo bacterin - has enhances efficacy

111
Q

What Leptospirosis serovar is zoonotic

A

L. icterohaemorrhagiae
spread via rodents

112
Q

Mycoplasma bovis causes what diseases in cattle

A

1) Mastitis
2) Respiratory Disease/ Pneumonia
3) Otitis media
4) Arthritis
5) Tendonitis
6) Tenosynovitis

113
Q

What is a common differential for Mycoplasma bovis

A

Histophilosis

114
Q

no cell wall
poor antibiotic response
chronic infection common
poor environmental survival

A

Mycoplasma bovis

115
Q

How do you diagnose Mycoplasma bovis

A

-Clinical signs
-Suspicion
-Culture - diffuclt, need to request from lab the specific culture
-PCR

116
Q

Why is maintaining hygiene really important for control of Mycoplasma bovis

A

it has poor environmental survival

almost host reliant

117
Q

How do you treat Mycoplasma bovis

A

-Tulathromycin, florfenicol
-Oxytetracycline
-Enrofloxacin
-Danofloxacin
-Tilmicosin

NOT BETA lactams - mycoplasma does not have a cell wall

118
Q

What antimicrobials are labeled for Mycoplasma bovis treatment

A

-Tulathromycin, -florfenicol

119
Q

What antimicrobial should you use with caution in food animals

A

Enrofloxacin (Baytril) -beware resistance w humans

only use for mycoplasma if other drugs have failed

120
Q

Malignant Catarrhal Fever is associated with what abunaks

A

Sheep (american)
Wildbeast (African)

121
Q

T/F: sheep get significant Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

false

122
Q

What are the clinical signs of Malignant Catarrhal Fever in cattle

A

Enteritis- affects a lot of tissues
-Oral/nasal erosions
-Panopthalmitis
-Uveitis
-Ocular discharge
-Hematuria
-Lameness from coronary band breakdown
-Swollen lymph nodes

young to young mature (6 months to 3 years)

123
Q

How do you treat Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

not treatable - most euthanized

124
Q

How do you diagnose Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

OHV-2 PCR
-needs to be specific
-cell associated vs cell free virus
-detection limits
-latency

125
Q

What are other differential diagnoses for Malignant Catarrhal Fever

A

-BVDV- mucosal form
-Salmonella

126
Q

Blue tongue in sheep causes

A

-Vascultitis
-Enteritis
-Laminitis
-Coronitis
-myositis
-Conjunctivitis
-Abortion
-Congenital defects

127
Q

How is blue tongue transmitted to sheep

A

Culicoides

128
Q

How do you treat Bluetongue

A

Supportive care
Antimicrobial

129
Q

T/F: blue tongue is extremely fatal

A

False- not much so
often times can go unnoticed and then you noticed congenital abnormalties in offspring

130
Q

What are the clinical signs of bluetongue in cattle

A

often asymptomatic
-fever
-laminitis
-oral lesions
-reproductive

131
Q

Bluetongue in wild ruminants is like

A

EHD
-occurs in white tailed deer
morbidity- 90%
mortality - 60%

132
Q

exotic morbillivirus
causes
-lymphoid
-alimentary
-mucous membranes
-lungs
-marked leukopenia

A

Rinderpest

133
Q

Rinderpest causes what syndromes

A

-lymphoid
-alimentary
-mucous membranes
-lungs
-marked leukopenia

looks very like malignant catarrhal fever and mucosal BVD

134
Q

Small animal analogue to rinderprest
-lymphoid
-alimentary
-mucous membranes
-lungs
-marked leukopenia

A

Peste des petitis ruminants

135
Q

T/F: foot and mouth disease isnt that stable in the environment

A

False - nonenveloped virus
VERY STABLE

136
Q

How is foot and mouth disease transmitted

A

-direct contact
-aerosol
-secretions/ excretions / fomites

137
Q

What kind of virus is foot and mouth disease

A

Aphthovirus (Picornavirus)

138
Q

What are the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease

A

1) Epidermal Tissues
2) Viremia
3) Lesions- oral, feet, mammary

has carriers

Large Animal Disease (7 decks)

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