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Large Animal Disease > Livestock Neonatology > Flashcards

Livestock Neonatology Flashcards

1
Q

Calf losses < 2 days are typically caused by _________
while calf losses >3 days are likely caused by _______

A

<2 days: typically non-infectious, associated with physiological derangements- birthing trauma, difficult postnatal adaption

> 3 days: likely infectious in nature

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2
Q

What are the influences on calf health

A

dystocia
environment
genetics
dam health

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3
Q

T/F: placenta transfers critical components of calf health

A

False- colostrum provides or supplements those things

colostrum acquisition is the most influential manageable factors

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4
Q

Why is colostrum so essential to calves

A

1) Warmth
2) fluid
3) Standard nutritional components
4) Immunoglobulins
5) Non-immunoglobulin immune factors- cell, various cytokines, enzymes

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5
Q

What are the immunoglobulin percentages in calf colostrum

A

1) IgG= 85-90% (80-90% IgG1, 10-20% IgG2)
2) IgA = 5%
3) IgM = 7%

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6
Q

Colostrum is higher in _______ than milk

A

-Sepcific gravity
-Total Solid %
-Fat %
-Total Protein
-Immunoglobulins
-Insulin
-Vitamin A
-Nutrtions: Ca, P, Mg, Fe, zn, Mn

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7
Q

for calves to get very influential benefits of colostrum, what must be met

A

1) Very soon after birth
2) Sufficient colostrum quality/composition
3) Sufficient quantity
4) Bacteriologically celan (not comaninated)

if these are met, calves have a better physiological and immunological preparation for challenges

Risk of health impairments are diminished

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8
Q

Why is measuring calf serum immunoglobulin concentrations very informative of success

A

calves are born agammaglobulinemic = no immunoglobulins

transfer of maternal immunoglobulins is highly correlated to all other colostrum benefits

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9
Q

T/F: you can examine inadequate passive transfer on physical exam

A

False- it is not a disease but a risk factor

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10
Q

Animals with poor passive transfer are at increased risk for

A

septicemia, diarrhea, enteritis, omphalitis, arthritis, respiratory, and other diseases

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11
Q

bacterial infection of the umbilical cord stump and surrounding area in a newborn.

A

omphalitis

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12
Q

Numerical reference values for failure of passive transfer are only guidelines for _________________

A

the amount of Ig needed for protection

-many other factors influence the Ig concentration needed for protection
-management, environment, infection pressure, virulence, antibody specificity

-Agent, Environment, Host

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13
Q

What is the mechanism of passive transfer

A

1) Secretion of IgG (IgG1) from maternal serum to colostrum

2) Absorption of colostral IgG1 from calf gut to system

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14
Q

When does maternal secretion of IgG1 occur in cows

A

4-6 weeks prepartum

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15
Q

Maternal secretion of IgG1 typically occurs through what process

A

Active and Selective process
receptor mediated
occurs 4-6 weeks prepartum

IgG1> IgG2, IgM, IgA

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16
Q

Why do we vaccinate dams 6-8 weeks before parturition to ensure adequate calf health

A

Maternal Secretion of IgG1 occurs 4-6 weeks prepartum so it takes 1-2 weeks to mount response that then will go into the colostrum

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17
Q

How does neonatal absorption of IgG1 occur

A

non-selective process
non-receptor mediated (M- cells and pinocytosis)

saturable

occur up until 24 hours postpartum (closure occurs)

IgG1, Ig2, IgM, IgA, albumin

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18
Q

How do other foreign proteins affect absorption of IgG1

A

compete against absorption

this is why we need good quality and quantity with purity of colostrum

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19
Q

lactogenic immunity

A

protective mechanism of colostrum where there is high levels of antibody in the gut

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20
Q

What are the different protective mechanism immunities of colostrum

A

1) Lactogenic

2) Systemic humoral immunity

3) Enteric immunity

4) Cellular immunity

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21
Q

What do you need to get successful passive transfer

A

Supply Factors
1) Formation of colostrum with adequate IgG concentration by dam
2) Ingestion of an adequate mass of IgG by the neonate. = quantity x Ig concentration

Absorption Factors
3) timely absorption of IgG by the neonate
4) Colostrum hygiene to avoid competition for absorption of IgG

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22
Q

Do younger or older animals tend to produce more colostrum

A

Older - more antigenic experience

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23
Q

How does colostral (IgG1) differ between beef and dairy cattle

A

dairy- decreased concentration, bred for high volumes - more volume is going to be given

Beef: about 2 L of colostrum needed to reach >200g of IgG1

Dairy: about 4L of colostrum needed to reach >200g of IgG1

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24
Q

What is the minimum goal of colostrum ingestion in cattle

A

Minimum = >200 grams of IgG1

Beef: 2L x 130mg/ml = 260g

Dairy: 4L x 50mg/ml = 200g

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25
Q

What factors might result in failure of calf to ingest colostrum

A

-Dystocia
-Mothering (or lack thereof)
-teat confirmation
-Hard milkers
-Weak/Stressed calves
-Dummy calves
-Management

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26
Q

In colostrum management, we manage ________ in beef while ________ in dairy

A

Beef: manage animals (health of dam, calf, and if they are nursing)

Dairy: manage each of colostrum features
-Quality
-Quantity
-Cleanliness
-Quickness
-Quantify

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27
Q

What are the 5 colostrum features managed in dairy breeds

A

1) Quality
2) Quantity
3) Cleanliness
4) Quickness
5) Quantify

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28
Q

How do we measure colostrum quality

A

*Colostral IgG

1) RID assay: >50g/L
expensive, long timely, and direct

2) Brix Refractometer
>22%

3) Colostrometer
Green zone

4) visual appearance
very poor indicator

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29
Q

When measuring colostrum quality in dairy breeds, RID assay should be

A

> 50 g/L

this is an expensive but direct way of measuring IgG

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30
Q

When measuring colostrum quality in dairy breeds, Brix Refractometer needs to be

A

> 22%

measures density of the colostrum
indirect but good and timely

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31
Q

When measuring colostrum quality in dairy breeds, the colostrometer needs to be

A

in the green zone

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32
Q

What is the adequate quantity of colostrum

A

200 g of IgG in first feeding

10-12% of body weight at feeding

3-4q @ birth and 2q @ 12 hours is recommended
6-8q within the first 24 hours

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33
Q

Increased colostrum quantity in calves is associated with

A

1) Decreased preweaning morbidity and mortality
2) Increased ADG preweaning
3) Earlier breeding
4) Increased milk production in 1st and 2nd lactation

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34
Q

How many quarts of colostrum is needed

A

6-8 within first 24 hours

3-4 at birth, 2q at 12 hours is recommended

10-12% of body weight at first feeding

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35
Q

What are common pathogens to contaminate colostrum cleanliness in cattle

A

-E. coli
-Salmonella
-Mycoplasma
-Mycobacterium bovis
-Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)

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36
Q

bacterial load in colostrum interferes with

A

IgG absorption

reduces the quality of colostrum?

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37
Q

What is the goal of colostrum cleanliness

A

Total plate count (TPC) <20,000 bacterial cells/ml

Pasteruized Milk Ordinance (PMO) limit milk = 100,000 cells/ml

less than what is fed to the general public

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38
Q

What factors affect the cleanliness of colostrum management

A

1) udder hygiene
2) Collection and feeding equipment
3) pooling- not a good idea

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39
Q

What are good ways to ensure colostrum cleanliness

A

Store appropriately- prompt chilling

heat treat/pasteurize
batch -140F * 60 min

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40
Q

What are alternatives for colostrum

A

Colostrum replacers

do not use supplements - poor IgG

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41
Q

How do you heat treat / pasteurize colostrum

A

batch - 140F for 60 min

lower temperature for longer time- gentle level to save the proteins and immunoglobulins

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42
Q

T/F: ingestion of colostrum might trigger closure

A

True-

progressive decrease in ability to absorb IgG

50% decrease by 9 hours

earlier feeding leads to earlier closure - less potential for pathogen exposure

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43
Q

What is the target of colostrum quickness

A

milk dam and get colostrum to calf within the first hour

-better IgG absorption and less bacterial invasion/absorption

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44
Q

To quantify transfer of Ig from colostrum to calf, what should the serum IgG status with RID assay read

A

Minimum serum IgG > 10mg/mL at 2-7 days of age

expensive and direct

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45
Q

To quantify transfer of Ig from colostrum to calf, what should the standard refractometer be

A

Minimum > 5.2 g/dL in 90% of calves

correlation with serum IgG r2 ~0.6

46
Q

To quantify transfer of Ig from colostrum to calf, what should the Brix refractoter of calf serum be

A

> 8.3% in 90% of calves

correlation with serum IgG - r2~ 0.75

47
Q

What is a common way to quantify transfer of Ig from colostrum to calf

A

Serum total protein at 2-7 days of age
-simple and indirect
-herd vs individual

48
Q

It is recommended that you assess for passive transfer between

A

2-7 days

well hydrated calves

before substantial loss- IgG half life is 21 days

49
Q

Brix measurements include all

A

all solids, not just protein

50
Q

Units

Colostrum:

Serum IgG :

Serum TP:

A

Colostrum: gram/L

Serum IgG : mg/mL (by RID)

Serum TP: (g/dL(

51
Q

Serum total protein accounts for

A

all serum proteins, not just IgG

-albumin, non-Ig globulins, immunoglobulins

with 0 IgG, calf serum protein is 4.2 g/dl
with 1000mg/dl IgG STP = 5.2 mg/dk

Plasma TP would also include fibrinogen

52
Q

How does Plasma TP differ from serum TP

A

Plasma TP also includes fibrinogen

53
Q

10 g/L IgG is about _____ total serum protein

A

5.2 g/dl

54
Q

What is the new standard of individual calf evaluation of passive transfer

A

Excellent: >40%
>25 g/L IgG;
serum TP >6 g/L

Good: >30%
18-24.9 g/L IgG;
serum TP 5.8-6.1 g/dl

Fair: >20%
10-17.9 g/L IgG;
5.1-5.7 g/dl serum TP

Poor: <10%
<10 g/L IgG;
serum tp <5.1 g/dl

55
Q

At minimum you should provide ______ quarts of clean, quality colostrum within ______ hours of birth

A

4 quarts of clean ,quality colostrum within 1-2 hours of birth

56
Q

How to monitor colostrum management and prevalence of passive transfer **

A

Colostrum:
-IgG >50g/L
-Brix >22%

Serum:
-IgG >18 g/L
-Brix >8.9%
-Total Protein >5.8 g/dL

57
Q

Common neonatal calf diseases

A

perinatal disease
weak calves
trauma
congenital defects
infectious diseases
enteric * (most common)
septicemic *(most common)
respiratory

58
Q

How do you assess calf vigor

A

1) Delivery status
2) Behavior: head-right, sternal recumbence, attempt to stand, standing
3,5,20, 60 min
3) Suckle response
4) Strong, oriented
5) Rectal temp

59
Q

The calf should
lift head by _______
sternal recumbence by _______
Attempt to stand by ____
Stand by ______

A

Lift head: 3 min

Sternal: 5 min

Attempt to stand: 20 min

Stand: 60 min

60
Q

How to you stimulate and enhance neonatal respiration

A

assist in ventilation of lungs (breathing) - stimulate by rubbing and drying calf

61
Q

How do you maintain neoatal body temp

A

thermoregulation via supplemental heat, calf jackets

62
Q

How do you increase blood volume and provide energy of calfs

A

administer colostrum

63
Q

How do you treat/prevent neonatal issues

A

-Colostrum then milk (tube if necessary)
-Supportive care: keep warm, nutritional supplementation, etc
-Rule out infectious disease
-Prevention

64
Q

What might cause a weak or dummy calf

A

1) Nutrition- protein/energy, micro/macro minerals

2) Hypothermia

3) Perinatal hypoxia **

4) Infectious diseases (fetal infections) - most often just result in abortions

65
Q

When the calf is beyond the first 3 days, what is the concern

A

Infectious causes - specifically neonatal diarrhea

calves are immunologically naive- risk of infection and disease with enteric infections

common enteric pathogens are present in the environment

infection is common, disease is not

66
Q

Within the first week of age, what enteric pathogen is concerning for calves

A

E. Coli - K99
Secretory Diarrhea- supplement fluids

generally <5 days

67
Q

Crypto, Rotavirus, and Coronavirus tend to affect calves within *

A

1-3 weeks of age
(10-12 days is hit point)

wont get sick beyond that

68
Q

Cryptosporidium tends to affects calves aged

A

1-3 weeks of age
(10-12 days is hit point)

wont get sick beyond that

69
Q

Rotavirus tends to affect calves aged

A

1-3 weeks of age
(10-12 days is hit point)

wont get sick beyond that

70
Q

Coronavirus tends to affect calves aged

A

1-4 weeks of age
(Peak 2 weeks )

wont get sick beyond that

71
Q

Enterogenic E. Coli K99 tends to affect calves aged

A

< 5 days

72
Q

Clostridium perfringens type C tends to affect calves aged

A

<20 days

73
Q

Salmonella and invasive E. coli tend to affect calves aged

A

5 to 45 days

74
Q

What causes calf scours

A

Rotavirus
Coronavirus
Cryptosporidium
E. Coli K99

primary mechanism- result in loss of fluid and electrolytes causing acidosis, hyponatremia, etc

75
Q

What virus blunts microvilli, what destroys it

A

Blunting: Rotavirus

Destroyed: Corona Virus

76
Q

What virus blunts microvilli

A

Rotavirus

77
Q

What virus damages microvilli

A

Coronavirus

78
Q

T/F: calf scours enteritis has minimal inflammation and invasion

A

True- very localized infection with disturbed GI function

79
Q

What might you see on physical examination that indicates calf dehydration

A

-Skin tent
-Strength and activity
-Eyeglobe position
-Peripheral perfusion
-Diarrhea

80
Q

The most common diarrhea agents from neonatal calves are

A

Crypto
Rotavirus
Corona

81
Q

What are the different types of Enteric E. coli

A

Enterotoxigenic: <1 week, fimbria/pilus, enterotxin

Enterohemorrhagic: 1 week- 4months, K99 negative, Shiga-like toxin = verotoxin

Enteropathogenic (lack SLT)

Enteroinvasive

82
Q

Enterohemorrhagic Enteric E. coli affect calves

A

1 week to 4 months
K99 negative

produce Shiga-like toxin = verotoxin

83
Q

What 3 agents cause inflammatory enteritis in calves

A

1) Salmonellosis
2) Invasive E. coli
3) Clostridial enteritis

very different than the scour pathogens because these cause lots of inflammation, damage to gut and potential invasion

84
Q

Invasive E. coli (attaching and effacing) affect calves aged

A

3-21 cause lots of inflammation, damage to gut, and potential invasion

85
Q

Clostridium perfringens type that causes hemorrhagic enterocolitis

A

Type C

86
Q

Clostridium perfringens type that causes enteritis in lambs

A

Type B

87
Q

Clostridium perfringens type that causes etneritis and abomasitis

A

Type A

88
Q

Clostridium perfringens type that causes enterotoxemia and overeating disease

A

Type D

89
Q

The most common causes of calf diarrhea (scours) is

A

Crypto
Rota
Corona virus

commonly occur between 1-2 weeks
these hurt or kill claves by causing fluid and electrolyte loss

Antibioitcs do not affect bugs and infection resolves on its own if the calf survives

90
Q

T/F: antibiotics are needed to treat calf scours (caused by crypto, rota, and corona virus)

A

False- antibiotics do not affect these bugs and the infection resolves on its own if the calf survives

91
Q

How do bacterial infections of salmonella, E coli, and clostridium kill calves

A

generally occur 4-30 days
kill calves by invading and causing tissue inflamamtion and damage

Antibiotics may be useful against these bugs- might not be absorpted, might need to go parenteral

92
Q

if you are going to use antibiotics for calves, what route does it need to be

A

parenteral - needs to be targeted to right pathogen

inappropriate for virus or protozoa

93
Q

How do you treat viral/protozoal enteritis in calfs

A

Fluid therapy is critical- oral, SQ, IV

Antibiotics VERY limited efficacy, may be deleterious,
parenteral may be justified for secondary or mixed infections

Adjunctive treatments may have value

94
Q

Septicemia in calves is mostly due to

A

gram - infectios
e.coli and salmonella most common

gram + are possible and commonly polymicrobial

95
Q

What are the clinical signs of septicemia

A

1) Injected sclera and mucous membranes
2) Abnormal mucous membranes
3) cold extremities
4) Neutropenia, left shift
5) Increased fibrinogen
6) Hypoglycemia
7) Depression > dehydration: profound without severe diarrhea
8) Multiple organ systems

same as for adult septicemia

96
Q

How do you treat bacterial / inflammatory enteritis in calves

A

1) Fluid therapy - important as needed: IV

2) Antibiotics- very limited efficacy
Oral- No valid PK info
*Only parenteral broad spectrum except for Clostridium - penicilllin

3) Adjunctive treatments may have value

97
Q

For bacterial / inflammatory enteritis, antibiotics have very limited efficacy but you should only do parenteral broad spectrum except when you have

A

Clostridium infection - do oral penicillin

98
Q

How do you treat sepsis in calves

A

1) antibiotics- IV preferred
2) NSAIDs
3) IV fluids
4) Plasma
5) GI protectants

guarded to grave prognosis (<10% success)

more common with poor colostral transfer
prevention is key

99
Q

Septicemia in calves is more common with

A

poor colostral transfer
prevention is key

100
Q

What factors predispose calves to abomasitis

A

-Intermittent feeding of large volumes
-Dietary changes
-Clostridium perfringens type A
-Abomasal trichobezoars (hair balls)
-Copper deficiency

*Sporadic occurances

101
Q

Dietary changes might cause what in cattle

A

Abomasitis

102
Q

What are the clinical signs of abomasitis

A

-Acute distention of abomasum with gas
-colic, restlessness
-passage of stomach tube does not provide significant relifed (R sided, can look bilateral)
-metabolic acidosis, depression, shock

103
Q

How do you treat cattle with abomasitis

A

1) Decompression
2) Right flank laparotomy
3) Fluid therapy- hydration, electrolytes, acid-based corrections
4) Antibioitcs (Type A perfringens) - oral penicillin
5) Clostridium perf. C and D antitoxin
6) Kaopectate

Likely not to change course of disease

104
Q

What might cause ruminal bloat in calves

A

1) Rumen putrefaction: tubing milk, overeating, esophageal groove dysfunction

*milk accumulates in the rumen instead of abomasum -> abnormal fermentation *

2) secondary bloat- complication of bronchopneumonia

105
Q

Secondary bloat might be caused by

A

Bronchopneumonia

106
Q

What might cause rumen putrefaction leading to ruminal bloat in calves

A

tubing milk, overeating, esophageal groove dysfunction

*milk accumulates in the rumen instead of abomasum -> abnormal fermentation *

107
Q

What are the common clinical signs of cows with rumen putrefaction

A

recurrent bloat
poor growth
diarrhea
rought hair coat

108
Q

How do you treat rumen putrefaction in cattle

A

1) Rumen lavage
2) Oral tetracycline or penicillin
3) Rumen fluid transfaunation
4) Change diet - nipple rather than bucket, smaller volumes more frequently, warm milk
5) Calf starter to promote rumen development

109
Q

How might you prevent rumen putrefaction

A

Change feeding protocl
-Nipple rather than bucket
-Smaller volumes more frequently
-Warm milk

Calf starter to promote rumen development

110
Q

How might bronchopneumonia cause secondary bloat

A

1) mediastinal LN enlargement

2) Esophageal compression / obstruction

111
Q

How do you treat secondary bloat from bronchopneumonia

A

fix the primary problem: pneumonia

intermittent tubing or temporary rumen fistula or trochar

Large Animal Disease (7 decks)

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