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Large Animal Disease > Livestock Hematologic and lymphoreticular > Flashcards

Livestock Hematologic and lymphoreticular Flashcards

1
Q

Anemia from blood loss can be

A

1) Chronic (parasites) - lice, flukes, haemonchus
2) Acute (hemorrhage)
3) Thrombocytopenia
4) Clotting defects

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2
Q

low PCV and total protein, the anemia is likely due to

A

blood loss

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3
Q

low PCV and normal to increased TP is likely due to

A

Hemolysis

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4
Q

How do you distinguish extravascular hemolysis from intravascular hemolysis

A

Both have low PCV and normal to increased TP

Extravascular = no hemoglobinuria (develops jaundice)

Intravascular = hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria

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5
Q

What might cause acute blood in cattle

A

1) abomasal ulcer (dont see active hemorrhage)
2) pulmonary hemorrhage
3) uterine artery rupture (dont see active hemorrhage)
4) mammary vein rupture

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6
Q

Does extravascular or intravascular hemolysis produce jaundice

A

extravascular

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute blood loss in cattle

A

1) Blood loss- epistaxis, melena, hematuria, hematochezia
2) Pale to white mucous membranes
3) Increased CRT
4) Tachycardia
5) Weak pulse
6) Hypovolemic shock
7) Death

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8
Q

What might cause chronic blood loss in cattle

A

Losses over time - days to weeks
1) Parasitism- lice, flukes, haemonchus
2) Gastrointestinal ulceration
3) other sites of chronic hemorrhage- bladder

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9
Q

What should you do if you see cattle with severe blood loss and no change in PCV or TP

A

need to do something soon (ie blood transfusion)

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10
Q

What are signs of chronic blood loss in cattle

A

1) Ill thrift
2) poor body condition, rough hair coat
3) Pale mucous membranes
4) Weak, lethargic
5) Edema with concurrent protein loss

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11
Q

In cattle, blood loss due to thrombocytopenia might be secondary due to

A

1) BVDV- type 2
2) Bracken fern- pancytopenia

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12
Q

In cattle, blood loss due to clotting defects might be due to

A

1) Liver disease
2) Moldy sweet clover- dicoimarol
3) Ingestion of rat poisons - warfarin

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13
Q

What does the bracken fern cause in cattle

A

thrombocytopenia and subsequent blood loss

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14
Q

What does the dicoumarol in moldy sweet clover cause in cattle?

A

clotting defects and subsequent blood loss

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of warfarin /dicoumarol

A

rapid utilization of vitamin k, decreases its ability for clotting

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16
Q

How does DIC cause blood loss

A

all clotting cofactors used up and then blood loss occurs

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17
Q

What might cause extravascular hemolysis (no hemoglobinuria) in cattle

A

1) Anaplasmosis
2) Mycoplasmosis (Eperythrozoonosis)

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18
Q

What might cause intravascular hemolysis (hemoglobinuria) in cattle

A

1) Babesia
2) Copper toxicity
3) Plant toxicity - onion, rape, kale
4) Bacillary hemoglobinuria
5) Leptospirosis
6) Postparturient hemoglobinuria
7) Water toxicity

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19
Q

Babesia in cattle cause what type of hemolysis

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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20
Q

Copper toxicity in cattle cause what type of hemolysis

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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21
Q

Anaplasmosis in cattle cause what type of hemolysis

A

Extravascular hemolysis

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22
Q

Onion, rape, and kale in cattle cause what type of hemolysis

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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23
Q

Water intoxication in cattle cause what type of hemolysis

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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24
Q

Mycoplasmosis (Eperythrozoonosis) in cattle cause what type of hemolysis

A

Extravascular hemolysis

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25
Q

Leptospirosis in cattle cause what type of hemolysis

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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26
Q

Bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle cause what type of hemolysis

A

Intravascular hemolysis

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27
Q

What causes Anaplasmosis in livestock

A

Rickettsia
1) Cattle (Anaplasma marginale, centrale)
2) Sheep and Goat: (A. ovis)

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28
Q

How is Anaplasmosis transmitted in livestock

A

1) Tick (West and intermountain area) - Dermacentor

2) Flies (Southeast) - Tabanids

3) Iatrogenic

anyway through blood, we can control spread with these things

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29
Q

The acute and severe infections of anaplasmosis in cattle are due to

A

Adults (3+ years) without previous exposure to it

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30
Q

Mild infections of anaplasmosis are typically seen in

A

Calves
-become persistently infected after the initial infection and severe as reservoirs of infections

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31
Q

What serves as a reservoir for Anaplasmosis

A

Cows that became persistently infected when they were calves

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32
Q

How do you distinguish cows that are persistently infected with Anaplasmosis

A

Serology (smear not as effective bc they have accommodated it)

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33
Q

How can you detect cattle with acute anemia, and you suspect Anaplasmosis infection

A

blood smear

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34
Q

The incubation of anaplasmosis in cattle is typically

A

3 to 8 weeks

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35
Q

What are the clinical signs of anaplasmosis in cattle

A

Fever
Lethargy/Weakness
Jaundice/Icterus
Anemia
Dyspnea
CNS disease- hypoxemia?
Death

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36
Q

What is the general distribution of Anaplasmosis

A

“Southeast USA and mountain/California”

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37
Q

How do you treat Anaplasmosis in cattle

A

Oxytetracycline
Supportive
Carriers

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38
Q

How do you diagnose Anaplasmosis

A

Blood smears (acute)
PCR
Serology (chronic carriers)

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39
Q

When doing necropsy, what might a cow with Anaplasmosis look like

A

Hepatomegaly
Icterus

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40
Q

How do you control anaplasmosis in cattle

A

-Insect control
-Husbandry- avoid iatrogenic transfer
-Vaccine: conditional use

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41
Q

What can you do to control active Anaplasmosis infection

A

Veterinary feed directive (VFD): labeled for control of active infection- low level oxytetracyclines in feed in endemic areas

-do during tick/fly season??

aims to keep the disease from becoming a significant issue

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42
Q

For endemic areas of anaplasmosis, you should try to introduce what kind of cattle into endemic areas

A

YOUNG animals

introducing adults is risky

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43
Q

What are the different hemotropic mycoplasma in livestock

A

M. wenyonii: cattle

ovis: sheep

haemolamae: camelids

suis: pigs

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44
Q

Hemotropic Mycoplasma typically remains latent until

A

disease/ stressor

most of the time it is subclinical infection

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45
Q

Hemotropic mycoplasma, typically infects what kind of cow

A

heifer - young adult

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46
Q

Hemotropic mycoplasma causes

A

Edema
Anemia
Fever

typically subclinical infection and latent until disease/stressor

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47
Q

How can you diagnose Hemotropic mycoplasma in cattle

A

blood smear

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48
Q

How do you treat Hemotropic mycoplasma in cattle

A

Oxytetracyclines

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49
Q

What are other names of Babesiosis in cattle

A

Texas fever
Redwater fever
Cattle tick fever
prioplamsosis

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50
Q

What typically spreads Babesiosis in cattle

A

Rhipicephalus (formely Boophilus) tick
incubation for 2-3 weeks

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51
Q

T/F: babesiosis is reportable in the United States

A

True- exotic and reportable
typically in mexico but will occasionally get it in Southern Texas

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52
Q

What causes babesiosis in cattle

A

Babesia bovis and bigemina

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53
Q

What is the difference between Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis

A

both are tickborne diseases
but Babesia causes intravascular hemolysis/ hemoglobinuria

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54
Q

What causes bacillary hemoglobinuria

A

Cl. hemolyticum (Cl. novyi type D)
ubiquitous- in soil

55
Q

Cl. hemolyticum (Cl. novyi type D) sits in the ______ until an insult occurs and then cause hemoglobinuria (Redwater disease)

A

Liver

-flukes can cause the insult

56
Q

T/F: the Clostridium- 8 way vaccine in cattle is pretty effective

A

True- target toxins produced, animal always has clostridium present inside of them

7 way is done in places without liver flukes

57
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bacillary hemoglobinuria

A

1) Spores of Cl. hemolyticum ingested or inhaled (persist in soil for > 1 year)
2) Liver damage occures, anaerobiasis and proliferation
3) Exototoxin causes tissue necrosis and IV hemolysis (fluke migration)

58
Q

How do you treat bacillary hemoglobinuria

A

very hard to treat - try penicillin

59
Q

How do you control bacillary hemoglobinuria

A

1) Liver flukes- anthelmintic (IvomecPlus (ivermectin + clorsulon)
2) Snail control
3) 8 way clostridial vaccine: give 2x year in endemic ares
4) Incinerate carcasses to destroy spores

60
Q

What should you give as anthelmintic for liver flukes and bacillary hemoglobinuria control

A

Ivomec Plus (Ivermectin + Clorsulon)

61
Q

What causes the intravascular hemolysis seen with postparturient hemoglobinuria

A

Low phosphorus <3mg/dl seen in high producing multiparous dairy cattle
causes hemoglinuria

62
Q

What are the causes of postparturient hemoglobinuria in cattle

A

1) Hemogloburia
2) Muscle weakness
3) Staggering
4) Inappetance

63
Q

How do you treat postparturient hemoglobinuria in cattle

A

1) Oral phosphorus supplement
250-300 g NaH2PO4 as drench
2) Fleet enema diluted IV
3) NaH2PO4, 60g/300ml IV
3) Phosphaid Injection (Vedco)

*Control Diet

64
Q

Intravascular hemolysis in cattle from leptospirosis is from what serovars

A

pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae
(non-host developed- from pigs or rodents)

(hardjo is just abortion because that is cattle host adapted)

65
Q

How does water intoxication cause intravascular hemolysis

A

Osmotic shock to RBCs
1) Massive water intake = marked hypotnoicity of body fluids (often hypoNa, hypoCl, hypoproteinemic from dilution)

66
Q

Cattle with intravascular hemolysis from water intoxication might have gotten it from

A

1) trailered cattle in summer- show
2) Calves raised exclusively on milk replacer- exposed to unlimited quantities of water for first time

67
Q

How do you treat cattle with intravascular hemolysis from water intoxication

A

Restrict water and provide supportive care

68
Q

What might cause watter toxicity in livestock

A

1) Feed rations to the wrong species (cow and horse rations to sheep)
2) Fungicides, Algicides, Footbaths, Injectables

69
Q

What livestock species is more susceptible to water intoxication

A

Cows much more susceptible than llamas,sheeps, goats

70
Q

Chronic copper toxicosiss results in

A

Liver parenchymal necrosis and oxidative damage to RBCs (intravascular hemolysis)
1) Copper stored in liver
intestine -> proteins -> liver
2) Accumulates in the hepatic lysosomes
3) Sudden Cu release from the liver spontaneously or following stressors
4) Liver damage and oxidative damage to RBCs from Cu
-Anemia, hemoglobinuria, increased enzymes

71
Q

What species has the highest risk of copper toxicosis

A

Sheep&raquo_space; goats > cows > horse

72
Q

Copper levels by tissue

A

Serum: high in crisis

Liver: low after necrosis

Kidney: high if clinical

*do a feed analysis to evaluate copper

73
Q

From copper toxicosis, what will the necropsy findings look like

A

Chronic: liver yellow and friable, gunmetal color

Acute: large swollen liver

easy diagnosis

74
Q

What are the 2 very common neoplastic processes of cattle

A

1) Lymphosarcoma
2) Squamous Cell Carcinoma

75
Q

What causes enzootic lymphosarcoma in cattle

A

Bovine Leukemia Virus

76
Q

What are the 3 forms of sporadic lymphosarcoma in cattle

A

1) Juvenile
2) Thymic
3) Cutaneous

these are rare, non-infectious, not associated with BLV, young cattle

77
Q

What are the characteristics of juvenile (calf) lymphosarcoma

A

-Rare
-Occur 2 weeks to 6 months
-Enlarged lymph nodes
-Bone marrow
-Weight loss

Death within 2-8 weeks

occur in utero
occasionally older animals (up to 2 years)

78
Q

juvenile (calf) lymphosarcoma occurs in cattle of what age

A

occur in utero

affects 2 weeks - 6 months (up to 2 years)

death in 2-8 weeks

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of juvenile (calf) lymphosarcoma

A

-Enlarged lymph nodes
-Bone marrow
-Weight loss

death within 2-8 weeks

80
Q

Thymic lymphosarcoma in cattle clinical signs

A

1) Massive thymic infiltration
2) Jugular vein obstriction
3) Respiratory obstruction
4) Esophageal obstruction (bloat)
5) Metastasis

*Fatal

81
Q

Thymic lymphosarcoma in cattle occur in what ages

A

3 months to 2 years old

very rare

82
Q

Cutaneous lymphosarcoma in cattle clinical signs

A

Cutaneous plaques
1-5cm diameter
scab hairless

regression

relapse

83
Q

What is the worst form of bovine lymphosarcoma

A

Cutaneous lymphosarcoma

84
Q

Cutaneous lymphosarcoma in cattle occurs at what age

A

<3 years , rare

85
Q

lymphosarcoma in cattle that is rare, non-infectiou, not associated with BLV

occur in young cattle

A

Sporadic form of bovine lymphosarcoma
1) Juvenile
2) Thymic
3) Cutaneous

86
Q

lymphosarcoma in cattle that is common, infectious, and caused by bovine leukemia virus

occurs in adult cattle

A

Enzootic Bovine Lymphosarcoma

87
Q

Enzootic Bovine Lymphosarcoma occurs in cattle of what ages

A

Adult cattle >2 years

88
Q

Enzootic Bovine Lymphosarcoma is more common in beef or dairy cattle

A

Dairy > Beef

worldwide, caused by bovine leukemia virus

89
Q

What is the estimated seroprevalence of Enzootic Bovine Lymphosarcoma

A

Herds:
Dairy: 89%
Beef: 40%
99% of dairies in the southeast

Individuals:
0-100% within herds
20% U.S diary populations

90
Q

What is the #1 cause of whole carcass condemnations in mature (non-fed) cattle at slaughter

A

Lymphosarcoma

91
Q

a retrovirus that causes lymposarcoma in cattle

A

Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) - has reverse transcriptase and incorporation of viral genome into the host cells

92
Q

Why is it difficult for the cattle host to eliminate BLV

A

retrovirus - has reverse transcriptase and incorporation of viral genome into the host cells

can remain in non-reproducing covert state

once infection established, animals are infected and seropositive for life

93
Q

T/F: once cattle are infected with BLV, they are seropositive for life

A

True

94
Q

BLV infects only what cell type

A

B lymphocytes - natural transmission requires transfer of intact lymphocytes

ex: flies, close proximity, or sharing cells

95
Q

What is the host range of BLV

A

Cattle primary natural host

one report of natural transmission in sheep

96
Q

What are the clinical signs of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

A

1) Asymptomatic (most animals)

2) Persistent lymphocytosis ( 30%)

3) Lymphosarcoma <5%

97
Q

What are the primary organs infected with Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

A

1) Heart (right atrium): 50-65%

2) Uterus: 30-45%

3) Lymph nodes >90%

4) Abomasum: 60-75%

5) Spinal: 15-25% - neurological issues

6) Retrobulbar - 10% - bulging eyes

HULA is most common

98
Q

Enzootic Bovine Leukosis affects what part of the heart

A

right atrium

99
Q

What are the clinical signs of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

A

depends on where the tumor is but common clinical signs are
-weight loss
-decreased milk
-external lymphadenopathy
-decreased appetite
-internal lymphadenopathy
-posterior paresis
-fever
-other: exophthalmos, heart failure, abomasal ulceration, and more

100
Q

What is the typical incubation period of BLV

A

approx 4-5 years

disease is usually in cattle 4-8 years old

tumors uncommon but possible in animals <3 years

101
Q

T/F: the tumors of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis always develop quickly

A

False- develop at variable rates
-may have tumors for weeks to months without signs
-rapid deterioration in late pregnancy
-stress/progesterone may lead to faster progression
-clinical coarse may range from peracute to chronic

102
Q

How does BLV transmission occur

A

infected B lymphocutes
-almost any secretion can contain lymphocytes

virus in blood, colostrum/milk, nasal discharge, semen

physical contact, insect vectors (tabanid), colostrum, milk, in utero, venereal (very rare)

blood is most efficient- 2500 infected lymphocytes / 0.1 uL

103
Q

How does age influence BLV seroprevalence

A

Age increases seroprevalence
-longer time to contract virus and seroconvert

104
Q

BLV transmission is highest in what season?

A

Summer months- flies and bugs can also transfer the disease

105
Q

What are ways of natural BLV transmission

A

Physical contact
Insect vectors (tabanid)
Colostrum
Milk
In Utero (10%)
Venereal (very rare)

106
Q

How might iatrogenic transmission of BLV occur

A

-Ear tagging
-dehorning
-tattoo
-supernumerary teat removal
-common injection needles
-rectal palpation (common sleeve)
-Common surgical/obstetrical equipment

107
Q

How do you diagnose Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

A

1) Clinical signs- tumors
2) Serology- BLV status via AGID or ELISA
3) CBC- lymphocytosis
4) Cytology/ Histopathology- lymphosarcoma
5) PCR- blood cells, tissues
can evaluate proviral load in seropositive animal to assess level of threat for spreading

108
Q

Why do we commonly do serology (AGID and ELISA) for BLV diagnosis

A

because most of the time, they will seroconvert within a couple months
very sensitive and specific

detect antibodies to gp51 or p24

109
Q

Utilizing PCR for BLV diagnosis is valuable in

A

evaluating proviral load in seropositive animal to assess the level of threat for spreading

can quantitate the most infectious levels and cull them

dont want to cull all the seropositive animals

110
Q

Serology (ELISA, AGID, RIA) for BLV detects what

A

gp51 or p25 antigen

very specific and sensitive

seroconversion 2-4 months post infection

111
Q

Colostrum is seropositive for BLV for how long

A

6 months

112
Q

If an animal is seropositive for BLV before given colostrum then they likely have

A

likely have had an in utero infection

113
Q

If an animal is seropositive for BLV then

A

they have BLV infection (unless young)

114
Q

Why might an animal be transiently seronegative periparturiently even if infected with BLV

A

Because of the colostral drain of IgG

115
Q

How do you control Enzootic Bovine Leukosis

A

1) manage iatrogenic spread of BLV
2) Manage natural spread of BLV- insects, physical contact, milk
3) Test- incoming cattle, and herd
4) Cull

116
Q

How do you treat bovine lymphosarcoma

A

eventually fatal

no treatments are effective except for reducing clinical signs

117
Q

gram + rod that causes anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

118
Q

Where is bacillus anthracis commonly found

A

bacillus and spore form
form spores in contact with air
spores can survive for decades

Tropical climate > Temperate

Soil

primary case- sporadic
secondary case- epizootic

119
Q

What climate is more common for Anthrax

A

Tropical > Temperate

common in old US cattle trails

120
Q

Outbreaks of anthrax occur after

A

flooding, excavation
-soil disturbance
-alkaline soils

often confined to a particular area

121
Q

How might zoonotic exposure of anthrax ococur

A

Exposure to hides, undercooked meat

Contaiminated cuts and abrasions

122
Q

What is the pathogensis of anthrax

A

1) Entry
2) Local proliferation in LN
3) Septicemia and spread
4) Toxin causes edema and necrosis
5) Incubation of 1-2 weeks

123
Q

What are the clinical signs of Anthrax

A

Peracute: Sudden death (1-2 hours), causes fever, tremor, dysnpea, congestion, terminal convulsions

Acute: depression, lethargy, weakness, anorexia, fever up to 107, tachypnea, tachycardia, congestion and hemorrhages, death (48 hours)

124
Q

What should you do when you suspect Anthrax in cattle

A

Avoid opening carcass

take a blood sample and send to diagnostic lab- culture and cytology (12 hours)

close and protect remains - prevent spore formation and distribution

call state/federal vet

quarantine

incinerate the remains

125
Q

How do you diagnose Anthrax

A

1) Blood smear
2) dark hemorrhage from body orifices
3) Failure of blood to clot
4) Absence of rigor mortis
5) Splenomegaly

avoid opening carcass and do carcass putrefaction
close and protect remains, prevent spore formation

126
Q

How should you treat/ control Anthrax

A

1) Antibiotic - Oxytetracycline and Penicillin

2) Prophylactic Antibiotic

3) Vaccination- attenuated live spore- not commonly used in US

127
Q

What causes caseous lymphadentitis

A

Cornyebacterium pseudotuberculosis

facultuative intracellualr

occurs in sheeps and goats

128
Q

caseous lymphadentitis prevalence increases with

A

age

chronic infection that occurs from environmental exposure- survives in soil 8 months

129
Q

What are risk factors for caseous lymphadentitis

A

1) Shearing
2) Draining abscesses
3) Close physical contact
4) Nasal and oral secretions
5) Sheep dip
6) Head wounds
7) Fomites

130
Q

What are the clinical signs of caseous lymphadentitis

A

1) Abscessesl- internal and external
2) Enlarged lymph nodes
3) Respiratory disease
4) Weight loss- internal form
5) CBC
6) Culture/Gram stain- not all asbcesses are CL
7) Serology (ELISA) - better for herd an individual dx
8) Can be zoonotic

131
Q

T/F: caseous lymphadentitis is zoonitic

A

true

132
Q

Serology (ELISA) for caseous lymphadentitis is better for what

A

better for herd diagnosis rather than individual dx

133
Q

The internal form of caseous lymphadentitis might present as

A

weight loss

Large Animal Disease (7 decks)

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