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Large Animal Disease > Equine Hematological and Lymphoreticular > Flashcards

Equine Hematological and Lymphoreticular Flashcards

1
Q

In horses, what can have a dramatic effect on the packed cell volume during exercise, excitement, and hemorrhage

A

splenic contraction

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2
Q

Why do you need to mix a blood sample before measuring PCV in horses

A

because horse’s RBCs have a rapid sedimentation rate

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3
Q

If horses have regenerative anemia, what dont you see

A

Reticulocytes

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4
Q

oxidized precipitated hemoglobin in the RBC and indicates oxidative damage to the RBC, which typically results in intravascular or extravascular hemolysis

A

Heinz bodies

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5
Q

What explains the rapid sedimentation rate of equine RBCs

A

strong tendency to rouleau formation
-need to mix samples
-need to differentiate from autoagglutination

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6
Q

How do you differentiate rouleau from autoagglutination

A

dilution of the RBC suspension with isotonic saline
saline disperses rouleau formation but not autoagglutination

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7
Q

What is the normal color of equine plasma/serum

A

yellow

dont jump to icterus just yet

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8
Q

nuclear remnants
that is normal finding in horses in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

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9
Q

T/F: Heinz bodies are normal findings in horses

A

False - oxidized hemoglobin

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10
Q

T/FL Howell-Jolly bodies are normal findings in horses

A

True- a small number is normal

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11
Q

a test that detects immunoglobulin or complement on the surface of circulating RBCs

A

Coomb’s test

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12
Q

Splenic contraction can increase the horse’s PCV as much as

A

50%

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13
Q

What is the difference between the direct and indirect coomb’s test

A

Direct: immunoglobulin or complement on the surface of circulating RBCs

Indirect: detects presence of circulating anti-RBCs antibodies in the serum

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14
Q

abnormality in concentrations of individual serum protein fractions

A

dysproteinemia

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15
Q

What is used to evaluate and quantitate the individual protein fractions

A

Serum protein electrophoresis

albumin, and different globulin peaks

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16
Q

Where is bone marrow often collected in horses

A

sternum
tuber coxae
proximal ribs

sternal aspirates are preferable

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17
Q

reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood below reference values
a symptom NOT a disease

A

anemia

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18
Q

a monoclonal gammapathy in horses is almost a slam dunk for

A

lymphoma

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19
Q

polyclonal gammopathy is indicative of

A

inflammatory processes

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of anemia in horses

A

1) Tachycardia
2) Tachypnea
3) Reduced exercise tolerance
4) Lethargy
5) Pale mucous membranes (icterus)

the PCV level at which the signs are observed depend on
1) Rate of development
2) Severity of anemia
3) Physical demand

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21
Q

Regenerative anemias, the cause is typically

A

1) Blood loss
2) Increased RBC destruction

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22
Q

Non-regenerative anemias, the cause is typically

A

Inadequate RBC production
ex:
-Iron deficiency: chronic hemorrhage or nutritional deficiency
-Bone marrow failure: myelophthisis or radiation,
-Chronic renal disease
-Chronic hepatic disease

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23
Q

What are the mst common causes of consumptive, regenerative thrombocytopenia in horses

A

1) Endotoxemia (
2) Coagulopathy, DIC
3) Vasculitis
-Strangles
-Pigeon fever
-Equine Viral Arteritis
-Snakebite
-Drugs
4) Immune-mediated

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24
Q

What commonly causes vasculitis in horses

A

-Strangles
-Purpura hemorrhagica
-Pigeon fever
-Equine Viral Arteritis
-Snakebite
-Drugs

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25
What are the 3 broad causes of thrombocytopenia
1) Decreased production 2) Increased Destruction 3) Increased Consumption
26
What are the clinical signs of vasculitis in horses
Limb / ventral/ sheath / mammary gland edema serum oozing and hemorrhage fever petechiae
27
What is the most common known cause of vasculitis in the horse
Purpura hemorrhagica -aspectic necrotizing vasculitis most likely due to immune complex deposition in blood vessel walls
28
What causes purpura hemorrhagica in the horse
-aspectic necrotizing vasculitis most likely due to immune complex deposition in blood vessel walls against Strangles (M protein) and Pigeon Fever
29
What are the clinical signs of purpura hemorrhagica
Edema Petechial bleeding Ecchymotic bleeding
30
What might predispose a horse to purpura hemorrhagica
pre-existing high serum antibodies prior to vaccination in older horse or one with a known exposure to strangles, might want to run antibody titer levels
31
What might you wanna do for a old horse or one that has had a previous strangles exposure prior to vaccinating them for strangles
Run antibody titer if high levels, could cause purpura hemorrhagica horses with levels > 1:3200 are hyperresponders and considered to be at risk
32
Equine Viral Arteritis replicates in the
endothelial cells can persist in the gonads of males for further spread
33
What are the clinical signs of Equine Viral Arteritis
causes vasculitis -ventral edema -lower limb edema -scrotal and mammary gland edema -urticaria -conjunctivitis -abortion and neonatal foal death
34
What might cause blood loss anemia in horse
1) External hemorrhage -Laceration/trauma -Guttural pouch mycosis -Post castration 2) Internal hemorrhage -Uterine artery rupture -ˇTrauma -Coagulopathy 3) Visceral hemorrhage -GI tract -Urinary tract -Reproductive tract
35
Is Equine Viral Arteritis reportable
Yes
36
How do you treat blood loss anemia
1) Stop bleeding- identify site of blood loss, hemostasis, stabilize clots (aminocaproic acid) 2) Judicious use of IV fluids- correct hypovolemia but not to exacerbate blood loss 3) Blood transfusion if severe blood loss With acute severe blood loss patient will be hypovolemic but will likely not be anemic
37
What can be used to stabilize clots to stop bleeding in horses
Aminocaproic acid is a medication that blocks the breakdown of clots (fibrinolysis), thereby allowing clots to form and remain.
38
In acute severe blood loss, why is the horse hypovolemic but likely not anemic
splenic contraction
39
a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) inhibitor that blocks the breakdown of clots (fibrinolysis)
Aminocaproic acid
40
T/F: there are no transfusion tirggers established in the horse
True
41
What might indicate you to give a horse a blood transfusion
1) Clinical: tachypnea, tachycardia, weakness, cool extremities, pale membranes, weak pulses 2) Laboratory data: PCV <12%, 30-40% volume lost, Hg <8g/dL, uncontrolled bleeding, persistent hypotension 3) Additional diagnostics: central venous pressure Blood lactate Blood pH no transfusion triggers established in the horse - use all of these parameter
42
What are some considerations when giving a horse a blood transfusion
1) Transfused RBCs: will not result in return of PCV to a normal level, will only be in circulation for a few day 2) Possible long term effects -Development of alloantibodies (esp brood mare) -Increases risk for future transfusion reactions when doing 2nd time (do them close together) -Risk of NI in foals of transfused mares 3) Potential infectious risks -EIA -Theilers -WNV
43
What are the infectious risks when giving horses blood transfusions
-EIA -Theilers -WNV
44
T/F: heritable coagulopathies in horses are extremely rare
True
45
What might cause coagulopathies in horses
1) Decreased production of coag factors - liver failure 2) Consumptive coagulopathies with -Endotoxemia -Poisoning (coumarin derivatives in rodenticides or sweet clover)
46
Ingestion of what 2 things can cause coagulopathies in horses
1) Coumarin derivatives in rodenticides 2) Sweet clover
47
Endotoxemia results in what in horses
consumptive coagulopathies
48
In horses, how might IMHA occur
1) Neonatal isoerythrolysis 2) Blood transfusions 3) Infectious agents (piroplasma) 4) Drug induced- Penicillin, TMS 5) Lymphoma
49
In horses, what drugs could potentially cause IMHA
Penicillin TMS
50
Hemolytic anemia is mostly due to
increased rate of extravascular destruction no hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria is seen
51
T/F: in horses, intravascular hemolysis can occur but it is rare
True
52
What do you not see with extravascular hemolytic anemia
No hemoglobinemia No hemoglobinuria
53
What will the plasma serum look like with IV hemolysis
red
54
What will the plasma serum look like with equine rhabdomyolysis
clear to yellow myoglobin is very clear
55
What will the plasma serum look like with equine hematuria
clear to yellow
56
What does the urine of IV hemolysis in horses look like
red
57
What does. the urine of IV hemolysis in horses look like
red to brown
58
What does the urine look like with hematuria
clear to yellow but once you let it sit will see sedimental of RBC
59
What one the textbook cause of truly intravascular hemolysis in the horse
Red maple leaf toxicity also >10% DMSO administration
60
Giving >10% DMSO administration in horses can cause
intravascular hemolysis - associated with hemoglobinemia and uria
61
What might cause intravascular hemolysis in the horse
1) Red maple leaf toxicosis 2) >10% DMSO administration 3) Hypotonic fluid admin 4) Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction 5) Severe cases of neonatal isoerythrolysis
62
What anemia does red maple leaf toxicity cause
Heinz-Body Anemia
63
What causes piroplasmosis
tickborne, iatrogenic -Babesia caballi -Theileria equi
64
Where is piroplasmosis located
Latin America Carribean Southern USA (TX, NM, CO, FL) Southern Europe Balkan Middle East Russia
65
What are the clinical signs of Piroplasmosis in horses
1) Fever 2) Anemia looks similar to vasculitis
66
How do you diagnose Piroplasmosis in horses
1) Cytology (low sensitivity when looking at bloodsmears, might increase with steroids) 2) Competitive ELISA 3) PCR analysis
67
Is piroplasmosis infection more severe with Babesia caballi or Thelieria equi
Theileria equi
68
How does piroplasmosis cause erythrocyte lysis in horses
1) Rupture of RBCs during release of parasite (intravascular hemolysis) 2) Removal of infected RBCs from circulation (extravascular hemolysis)
69
What causes swamp fever
Equine Infectious Anemia virus (retroviridae)
70
How do you treat Piroplasmosis
1) Imidocarb diproprionate IM 2) Tetracyclines IV Curative with B. caballi more dofficult to cure if infected with T. equi Do palliative care with T. equi
71
When treating piroplasmosis with Imiocarb diproprionate or tetracyclines , is there a better chance of curing with B. caballi or Theileria equi
Babesi caballi - more easy to cure and less severe form of piroplasmosis
72
Imiocarb diproprionate should only be administered
IM injections injection site reactions are not uncommon look for sweating, agitation, colic, and diarrhea
73
Equine Infectious Anemia is most commonly transmitted by
1) insect vectors 2) re-use of needles 3) test blood/plasma donors for EIA
74
What is a hotzone for Equine Infectious Anemia
Where the vector is most prevalent- typically south and midwest but ir is located in other states, including CO
75
Equine Infectious Anemia is a retrovirus meaning that
once a horse has it, they have it for life need to take regulatory measures
76
T/F: mosquitos are effective vectors for Equine Infectious Anemia
false- despite the fact that they transmit blood the biting flies are better vectors
77
Why are tabanids effective vectors for Equine Infectious Anemia
because their painful bite, frequently inter-rupted, sever small vessels and contaminate mouthparts with blood incontrast, mosoquitos dont bite for as long on multiple horses
78
What horses are much more likely to transmit EIAV
Horses with high titered viremia and clinical disease are much more likely to transmit EIAV than are inapparent carriers with very low levels of viremia
79
What are the clinical signs of acute Equine Infectious Anemia
1) Fever 2) Thrmobocytopenia (immune mediated?) 3) Lethargy 4) Inappetance 5) Anemia after initial episode, majority of infected horses experience recurrent episodes of acute clinical disease, lasting 3-5 days
80
What are the clinical signs of chronic Equine Infectious Anemia "swampers"
Anemia Thrombocytopenia Weight loss Dependent edema Splenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Neurological signs Icterus
81
How do you diagnose Equine Infectious Anemia
Serological testing- since the virus is not cleared by the host then the serolgical test indicates infections -Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) = Coggins Tests -ELISA (positives must be confirmed with AGID test) all look for antibodies
82
What is the serological test approved by USDA by Equine Infectious Anemia
Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) = Coggins Tests
83
What is the most common reason a vet would draw blood on a horse is to
test for EIA to do a Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) = Coggins Tests
84
Why might you do a Coggins test
many states require negative test result prior to transport into the state may be required by show or event may be required i some state if change of ownershup may be part of pre-purchase or insurance examination
85
How do you control for Equine Infectious Anemia
1) No vaccine 2) reportable in US 3) Control through detection of carriers 4) Removal from the populations -euthanasia, slaughter, or quarantine
86
How do you treat EIA
there is no specific therapy available for EIAV infection humane euthanasia is the most common horse can be quarantined for lifelong
87
In horses, thrombocytopenia is most commonly due to a
regenerative, consumptive process (e.g sepsis, vasculitis, etc)
88
in horses, hemolytic anemia is most commonly _______and is more often
most commonly immune mediated and more often extravascular
89
What are the most common causes of nonregenerative anemia in horses
1) Nutritional deficiency (#3) 2) Chronic inflammatory disease (#1) (bastard strangles, pigeon fever, rhodococcus equi) 3) Secondary to organ dysfunction (#2) 4) Bone marrow damage or dysplasia- drugs, cancer, etc (#4)
90
What chronic inflammatory disease cause nonregenerative anemia in horses
Strangles (Bastard) Pigeon Fever (C. pseudotuberculosis) Rhodococcus equi (foals) etc
91
What causes pigeon fever in horses
C. pseudotuberculosis
92
How might chronic inflammatory disease (strangles, pigeon, rhodococcus) cause non-regenerative anemia
1) Impaired flow of iron from storage 2) Decreased erythrocyte life-span 3) Inadequate bone marrow response -macrophages sequester iron with a purpose
93
How do we differentiate anemia of chronic inflammation from true iron deficiency anemia?
1) CBC - might see inflammation 2) Protein and Electrophoresis -see increase globulin (inflammatory) 3) Iron and Storage decreased serum iron decreased transferrin saturation *Iron binding capacity*
94
Iron binding capacity will be increased in _________ while decreased in _______
Increased: iron deficiency Decreased: chronic inflammation
95
With chronic inflammation, the iron binding capacity is
decreased
96
With iron deficiency, the iron binding capacity is
increased
97
What might cause nonregenerative anemia secondary to organ dysfunction in horses
1) Reduction of production or absorption of elements essential for erythropoiesis 2) Decreased clearance of toxins 3) Interference with production or action of erythropoietin ex: liver or kidney disease

Large Animal Disease (7 decks)

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