Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Large Animal Disease > Equine Hematological and Lymphoreticular > Flashcards

Equine Hematological and Lymphoreticular Flashcards

1
Q

In horses, what can have a dramatic effect on the packed cell volume during exercise, excitement, and hemorrhage

A

splenic contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why do you need to mix a blood sample before measuring PCV in horses

A

because horse’s RBCs have a rapid sedimentation rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

If horses have regenerative anemia, what dont you see

A

Reticulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

oxidized precipitated hemoglobin in the RBC and indicates oxidative damage to the RBC, which typically results in intravascular or extravascular hemolysis

A

Heinz bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What explains the rapid sedimentation rate of equine RBCs

A

strong tendency to rouleau formation
-need to mix samples
-need to differentiate from autoagglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you differentiate rouleau from autoagglutination

A

dilution of the RBC suspension with isotonic saline
saline disperses rouleau formation but not autoagglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the normal color of equine plasma/serum

A

yellow

dont jump to icterus just yet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nuclear remnants
that is normal finding in horses in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: Heinz bodies are normal findings in horses

A

False - oxidized hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/FL Howell-Jolly bodies are normal findings in horses

A

True- a small number is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a test that detects immunoglobulin or complement on the surface of circulating RBCs

A

Coomb’s test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Splenic contraction can increase the horse’s PCV as much as

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between the direct and indirect coomb’s test

A

Direct: immunoglobulin or complement on the surface of circulating RBCs

Indirect: detects presence of circulating anti-RBCs antibodies in the serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

abnormality in concentrations of individual serum protein fractions

A

dysproteinemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is used to evaluate and quantitate the individual protein fractions

A

Serum protein electrophoresis

albumin, and different globulin peaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is bone marrow often collected in horses

A

sternum
tuber coxae
proximal ribs

sternal aspirates are preferable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

reduction of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood below reference values
a symptom NOT a disease

A

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a monoclonal gammapathy in horses is almost a slam dunk for

A

lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

polyclonal gammopathy is indicative of

A

inflammatory processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the clinical signs of anemia in horses

A

1) Tachycardia
2) Tachypnea
3) Reduced exercise tolerance
4) Lethargy
5) Pale mucous membranes (icterus)

the PCV level at which the signs are observed depend on
1) Rate of development
2) Severity of anemia
3) Physical demand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Regenerative anemias, the cause is typically

A

1) Blood loss
2) Increased RBC destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Non-regenerative anemias, the cause is typically

A

Inadequate RBC production
ex:
-Iron deficiency: chronic hemorrhage or nutritional deficiency
-Bone marrow failure: myelophthisis or radiation,
-Chronic renal disease
-Chronic hepatic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the mst common causes of consumptive, regenerative thrombocytopenia in horses

A

1) Endotoxemia (
2) Coagulopathy, DIC
3) Vasculitis
-Strangles
-Pigeon fever
-Equine Viral Arteritis
-Snakebite
-Drugs
4) Immune-mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What commonly causes vasculitis in horses

A

-Strangles
-Purpura hemorrhagica
-Pigeon fever
-Equine Viral Arteritis
-Snakebite
-Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 broad causes of thrombocytopenia

A

1) Decreased production
2) Increased Destruction
3) Increased Consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the clinical signs of vasculitis in horses

A

Limb / ventral/ sheath / mammary gland edema

serum oozing and hemorrhage

fever
petechiae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the most common known cause of vasculitis in the horse

A

Purpura hemorrhagica
-aspectic necrotizing vasculitis most likely due to immune complex deposition in blood vessel walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What causes purpura hemorrhagica in the horse

A

-aspectic necrotizing vasculitis most likely due to immune complex deposition in blood vessel walls against Strangles (M protein) and Pigeon Fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of purpura hemorrhagica

A

Edema
Petechial bleeding
Ecchymotic bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What might predispose a horse to purpura hemorrhagica

A

pre-existing high serum antibodies
prior to vaccination in older horse or one with a known exposure to strangles, might want to run antibody titer levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What might you wanna do for a old horse or one that has had a previous strangles exposure prior to vaccinating them for strangles

A

Run antibody titer
if high levels, could cause purpura hemorrhagica

horses with levels > 1:3200 are hyperresponders and considered to be at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis replicates in the

A

endothelial cells

can persist in the gonads of males for further spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the clinical signs of Equine Viral Arteritis

A

causes vasculitis
-ventral edema
-lower limb edema
-scrotal and mammary gland edema
-urticaria
-conjunctivitis
-abortion and neonatal foal death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What might cause blood loss anemia in horse

A

1) External hemorrhage
-Laceration/trauma
-Guttural pouch mycosis
-Post castration

2) Internal hemorrhage
-Uterine artery rupture
-ˇTrauma
-Coagulopathy

3) Visceral hemorrhage
-GI tract
-Urinary tract
-Reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Is Equine Viral Arteritis reportable

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do you treat blood loss anemia

A

1) Stop bleeding- identify site of blood loss, hemostasis, stabilize clots (aminocaproic acid)

2) Judicious use of IV fluids- correct hypovolemia but not to exacerbate blood loss

3) Blood transfusion if severe blood loss

With acute severe blood loss patient will be hypovolemic but will likely not be anemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What can be used to stabilize clots to stop bleeding in horses

A

Aminocaproic acid is a medication that blocks the breakdown of clots (fibrinolysis), thereby allowing clots to form and remain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

In acute severe blood loss, why is the horse hypovolemic but likely not anemic

A

splenic contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) inhibitor that blocks the breakdown of clots (fibrinolysis)

A

Aminocaproic acid

40
Q

T/F: there are no transfusion tirggers established in the horse

A

True

41
Q

What might indicate you to give a horse a blood transfusion

A

1) Clinical: tachypnea, tachycardia, weakness, cool extremities, pale membranes, weak pulses

2) Laboratory data: PCV <12%, 30-40% volume lost,
Hg <8g/dL, uncontrolled bleeding, persistent hypotension

3) Additional diagnostics: central venous pressure
Blood lactate
Blood pH

no transfusion triggers established in the horse - use all of these parameter

42
Q

What are some considerations when giving a horse a blood transfusion

A

1) Transfused RBCs: will not result in return of PCV to a normal level, will only be in circulation for a few day

2) Possible long term effects
-Development of alloantibodies (esp brood mare)
-Increases risk for future transfusion reactions when doing 2nd time (do them close together)
-Risk of NI in foals of transfused mares

3) Potential infectious risks
-EIA
-Theilers
-WNV

43
Q

What are the infectious risks when giving horses blood transfusions

A

-EIA
-Theilers
-WNV

44
Q

T/F: heritable coagulopathies in horses are extremely rare

A

True

45
Q

What might cause coagulopathies in horses

A

1) Decreased production of coag factors - liver failure
2) Consumptive coagulopathies with
-Endotoxemia
-Poisoning (coumarin derivatives in rodenticides or sweet clover)

46
Q

Ingestion of what 2 things can cause coagulopathies in horses

A

1) Coumarin derivatives in rodenticides
2) Sweet clover

47
Q

Endotoxemia results in what in horses

A

consumptive coagulopathies

48
Q

In horses, how might IMHA occur

A

1) Neonatal isoerythrolysis
2) Blood transfusions
3) Infectious agents (piroplasma)
4) Drug induced- Penicillin, TMS
5) Lymphoma

49
Q

In horses, what drugs could potentially cause IMHA

A

Penicillin
TMS

50
Q

Hemolytic anemia is mostly due to

A

increased rate of extravascular destruction
no hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria is seen

51
Q

T/F: in horses, intravascular hemolysis can occur but it is rare

A

True

52
Q

What do you not see with extravascular hemolytic anemia

A

No hemoglobinemia
No hemoglobinuria

53
Q

What will the plasma serum look like with IV hemolysis

A

red

54
Q

What will the plasma serum look like with equine rhabdomyolysis

A

clear to yellow

myoglobin is very clear

55
Q

What will the plasma serum look like with equine hematuria

A

clear to yellow

56
Q

What does the urine of IV hemolysis in horses look like

A

red

57
Q

What does. the urine of IV hemolysis in horses look like

A

red to brown

58
Q

What does the urine look like with hematuria

A

clear to yellow but once you let it sit will see sedimental of RBC

59
Q

What one the textbook cause of truly intravascular hemolysis in the horse

A

Red maple leaf toxicity

also >10% DMSO administration

60
Q

Giving >10% DMSO administration in horses can cause

A

intravascular hemolysis - associated with hemoglobinemia and uria

61
Q

What might cause intravascular hemolysis in the horse

A

1) Red maple leaf toxicosis
2) >10% DMSO administration
3) Hypotonic fluid admin
4) Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
5) Severe cases of neonatal isoerythrolysis

62
Q

What anemia does red maple leaf toxicity cause

A

Heinz-Body Anemia

63
Q

What causes piroplasmosis

A

tickborne, iatrogenic
-Babesia caballi
-Theileria equi

64
Q

Where is piroplasmosis located

A

Latin America
Carribean
Southern USA (TX, NM, CO, FL)
Southern Europe
Balkan
Middle East
Russia

65
Q

What are the clinical signs of Piroplasmosis in horses

A

1) Fever
2) Anemia

looks similar to vasculitis

66
Q

How do you diagnose Piroplasmosis in horses

A

1) Cytology (low sensitivity when looking at bloodsmears, might increase with steroids)
2) Competitive ELISA
3) PCR analysis

67
Q

Is piroplasmosis infection more severe with Babesia caballi or Thelieria equi

A

Theileria equi

68
Q

How does piroplasmosis cause erythrocyte lysis in horses

A

1) Rupture of RBCs during release of parasite (intravascular hemolysis)
2) Removal of infected RBCs from circulation (extravascular hemolysis)

69
Q

What causes swamp fever

A

Equine Infectious Anemia virus (retroviridae)

70
Q

How do you treat Piroplasmosis

A

1) Imidocarb diproprionate IM
2) Tetracyclines IV

Curative with B. caballi
more dofficult to cure if infected with T. equi

Do palliative care with T. equi

71
Q

When treating piroplasmosis with Imiocarb diproprionate or tetracyclines , is there a better chance of curing with B. caballi or Theileria equi

A

Babesi caballi - more easy to cure and less severe form of piroplasmosis

72
Q

Imiocarb diproprionate should only be administered

A

IM injections

injection site reactions are not uncommon

look for sweating, agitation, colic, and diarrhea

73
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia is most commonly transmitted by

A

1) insect vectors
2) re-use of needles
3) test blood/plasma donors for EIA

74
Q

What is a hotzone for Equine Infectious Anemia

A

Where the vector is most prevalent- typically south and midwest but ir is located in other states, including CO

75
Q

Equine Infectious Anemia is a retrovirus meaning that

A

once a horse has it, they have it for life

need to take regulatory measures

76
Q

T/F: mosquitos are effective vectors for Equine Infectious Anemia

A

false- despite the fact that they transmit blood
the biting flies are better vectors

77
Q

Why are tabanids effective vectors for Equine Infectious Anemia

A

because their painful bite, frequently inter-rupted, sever small vessels and contaminate mouthparts with blood

incontrast, mosoquitos dont bite for as long on multiple horses

78
Q

What horses are much more likely to transmit EIAV

A

Horses with high titered viremia and clinical disease are much more likely to transmit EIAV than are inapparent carriers with very low levels of viremia

79
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute Equine Infectious Anemia

A

1) Fever
2) Thrmobocytopenia (immune mediated?)
3) Lethargy
4) Inappetance
5) Anemia

after initial episode, majority of infected horses experience recurrent episodes of acute clinical disease, lasting 3-5 days

80
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic Equine Infectious Anemia “swampers”

A

Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Weight loss
Dependent edema
Splenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Neurological signs
Icterus

81
Q

How do you diagnose Equine Infectious Anemia

A

Serological testing- since the virus is not cleared by the host then the serolgical test indicates infections

-Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) = Coggins Tests
-ELISA (positives must be confirmed with AGID test)

all look for antibodies

82
Q

What is the serological test approved by USDA by Equine Infectious Anemia

A

Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) = Coggins Tests

83
Q

What is the most common reason a vet would draw blood on a horse is to

A

test for EIA to do a Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) = Coggins Tests

84
Q

Why might you do a Coggins test

A

many states require negative test result prior to transport into the state

may be required by show or event

may be required i some state if change of ownershup

may be part of pre-purchase or insurance examination

85
Q

How do you control for Equine Infectious Anemia

A

1) No vaccine
2) reportable in US
3) Control through detection of carriers
4) Removal from the populations
-euthanasia, slaughter, or quarantine

86
Q

How do you treat EIA

A

there is no specific therapy available for EIAV infection

humane euthanasia is the most common

horse can be quarantined for lifelong

87
Q

In horses, thrombocytopenia is most commonly due to a

A

regenerative, consumptive process (e.g sepsis, vasculitis, etc)

88
Q

in horses, hemolytic anemia is most commonly _______and is more often

A

most commonly immune mediated and more often extravascular

89
Q

What are the most common causes of nonregenerative anemia in horses

A

1) Nutritional deficiency (#3)

2) Chronic inflammatory disease (#1) (bastard strangles, pigeon fever, rhodococcus equi)

3) Secondary to organ dysfunction (#2)

4) Bone marrow damage or dysplasia- drugs, cancer, etc (#4)

90
Q

What chronic inflammatory disease cause nonregenerative anemia in horses

A

Strangles (Bastard)
Pigeon Fever (C. pseudotuberculosis)
Rhodococcus equi (foals)
etc

91
Q

What causes pigeon fever in horses

A

C. pseudotuberculosis

92
Q

How might chronic inflammatory disease (strangles, pigeon, rhodococcus) cause non-regenerative anemia

A

1) Impaired flow of iron from storage
2) Decreased erythrocyte life-span
3) Inadequate bone marrow response
-macrophages sequester iron with a purpose

93
Q

How do we differentiate anemia of chronic inflammation from true iron deficiency anemia?

A

1) CBC - might see inflammation

2) Protein and Electrophoresis
-see increase globulin (inflammatory)

3) Iron and Storage
decreased serum iron
decreased transferrin saturation
Iron binding capacity

94
Q

Iron binding capacity will be increased in _________ while decreased in _______

A

Increased: iron deficiency

Decreased: chronic inflammation

95
Q

With chronic inflammation, the iron binding capacity is

A

decreased

96
Q

With iron deficiency, the iron binding capacity is

A

increased

97
Q

What might cause nonregenerative anemia secondary to organ dysfunction in horses

A

1) Reduction of production or absorption of elements essential for erythropoiesis
2) Decreased clearance of toxins
3) Interference with production or action of erythropoietin

ex: liver or kidney disease

Large Animal Disease (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions