Livestock Vaccine Flashcards
T/F: vaccines prevent infection
False- they stimulate the immune response to get protection from disease
What are the goals of livestock vaccination
1) Improve animal health and welfare
2) Increase animal productivity
3) Reduce consumer risk
4) Disease eradication
T/F: 100% vaccine efficacy in 100% of animals is possible
False
-instead aims to increase the level of herd immunity
can achieve 70-80% response in the herd
the level of immunity in a population required to prevent an outbreak
herd immunity
How might herd immunity be achieved to make disease spread less likely
Vaccination
Prior illness
What is the immune response to vaccination goals in herd
Memory cells produce antibodies (B cells) and memory cells that will be actived to lyse target cells (T cells)
The initial antibody response that occurs ~4 days post vaccination produces
IgM
The second antibody response that occurs ~10-14 days post-vaccination produces
IgG
The cell mediated response occurs about ______ days post vaccination
10-14 days
The booster vaccination produces
secondary or anamnestic response
-Predominantly IgG
-Stronger Ab, longer duration
the primary vaccine response is
largely IgM and some IgG, shorter duration
response of Ab and T cell
What kind of vaccines are bacterin
killed, inactivated
formed exotoxins that are denatured (often with formulin)
must contain adjuvant
Toxoid vaccine
T/F: toxoid vaccines are immunogenic
True
-Stimulates antibody production
-Antibodies then bind to and nautralize the toxin
Toxoid vaccines must contain
adjuvant
How have we traditionally assessed vaccine efficacy
Serologic data
the level of immunity in a population required to prevent an outbreak
herd immunity
Killed vaccines require
adjuvant
result in more injection reactions and boosters
T/F: with killed/ inactivated vaccines, there is a risk of reversion to pathogenic wild type
False
Killed vaccines produce strong _________ but less robust _____
strong humoral
less robust cell mediated
Killed vaccines are safer in what patients
pregnant and young patients
What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines
-Require booster vaccination
-Slower onset of protection
-Hypersensitivities can be seen
-Narrower spectrum of protection
What are the advantages of killed vaccines
-Induce IgA, IgG production
-Stimulate memory T cell production
-Safe in pregnant and young patients
-Cannot revert to wild type
-Thermostable
Induce mild infection with live organisms from non-target hosts or attenuated to reduce virulence
Modified live vaccines
How are modified live vaccines produced
reduction in viruence or attenuation via passage through cell lines, chicken embryos, selection of less virulent mutation
What is a major advantage of modified live vaccines
Fewer doses required
No adjuvant required
Multiple route of administration possible
longer lasting immunity
Do not need adjuvant
T/F: modified live dont need adjuvant
True
What are disadvantages to modified live vaccines
1) Sensitive to improper handling/storage - not thermostable
2) May cause disease in stressed or immunocompromised
3) Risk of reversion to virulence- can infect others in herd
4) Immunosuppressive
5) Risk of abortion, fetal infections- teratogenic effects
Is duration of immunity better with killed or MLV
MLV
Is cell mediated immunity better with killed or MLV
MLV
Are injection site reactions more common with killed or MLV
Killed
Is immunosuppression more common with killed or MLV
MLV
What are the requirements for vaccine licensing
1) Purity- product free of extraneous microorganisms/materials
2) Safety- freedom from from properties causing undue local or systemic reactions when the vaccine is used as labeled
3) Potency: relative strength of the product as determined by test methods approved by CVB
4) Efficacy: Ability or capacity of the product to affect the result for which it is offered when the product is used as labeled
What is true of efficacy trials for vaccines
vary greatly between products and manufacturers
can be exceptionally difficult to interpret and essentially impossible to compare
USDA thats that the manufacturer of a vaccine needs to dmeonstrate that it is
Safe
Pure
Reasonable expectation of efficacy
the period between the administration of vaccine and the time the animal or its products can legally enter the human food chain
Withdrawal time
what is the common slaughter withdrawal time for vaccines
21 days
-check specific product label
Withdrawal times are set for MLV to allow _____ and killed to allow ______
MLV: to allow so the live vaccine strain isnt found in products/ tissues
Killed: no infectious risk but to allow the adjuvants to clear from the tissues
What should you always do before giving a new vaccine
check the label
-specifics on type, precautions, indications, use
What must be done to do extra-label vaccine use in livestock
-Must provide extendend withdrawal times based on data (FARAD)
-Must use vet products when available
Most vaccines for small ruminants are
killed bacterin products
-requine timely booster, avoid maternal antibody interferences
Why should you administer vaccines in sheeps and goats SQ if possible
meat quality assurance
Do goats or sheep show more severe vaccine reactions
Goats
-Local swelling
-Anaphylaxis
With vaccination in sheep and goats there is a lack of
field based vaccine trials comparing efficacy between them
What are the risk factors for the Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus vaccination in sheep and goats
1) High grain diet- Cl. perfringens type D
2) Processing- castration, tail docking (Tetanus)
3) Wounds (Tetanus)
With show animals, you should vaccinate on the
non-show side
T/F: not all clostridal vaccines contain tetanus
True
many multivalent clostridial vaccines do not contain tetanus
Recommended / core that all goats and sheep get
Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus
The Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus is _____ ml in cows and ____ ml in sheep/goat
Cow: 5ml
Goat/Sheep: 2ml
What is the Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus frequency in sheep/goats
Initial Vaccine
Booster in 3-4 week
Booster every 6-12 months depending on risk
if on high grain diet then do it more frequently
if on green pasture then annually
When should you vaccinate breeding does and ewes with Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus
vaccinate 3-4 weeks prior to parturition
-Clostral antibodies provide immunity for neonates for 8-12 weeks of life
When should you begin vaccinating kids and lambs with Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus
8-12 weeks of age
booster in 3-4 weeks
repeat vaccination every 6-12 months depending on risk
What should you do for lambs/kids from dams with unknown vaccination history
Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus
Vaccinate at 1-3 weeks of age and again at 4 weeks
repeat vaccination every 6-12 months depending on risk
What should you do for a wounded small ruminant and last Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus vaccine was given more than 6 months ago
give booster vaccination
administer tetanus antitoxin
How is the antitoxin different from toxoid vaccine
Antitoxin is toxin-neutralizing antibody
Toxoid vaccine allows immune system to mount a response
What are additional vaccines to consider in small ruminants, aside from Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus
-Rabies
-Caseous lymphadenitis
-ORF: contagious ecthyma
-Pasteurellosis
-Enzootic abortion
-Vibriosis
-Bluetongue
You should consider rabies vaccination in small ruminants
those with frequent human contact or county/city ordinances
The rabies vaccination for use in cattle, sheep, and horses is what kind of vaccine
Killed
administer 1st dogse at 3 months of age and revaccinate cattle annually, sheep one year after first vaccination and then every 3 years
What species is the rabies vaccination not labeled for use in
Goats- but relatively sage and effective
follow sheep recommendations when using in goats
When do you vaccinate ruminants for rabies
1st dose: 3 months of age or older
Cattle: Revaccinate annually
Sheep: one year after first, and then every 3 years
The caseous lymphadentitis vaccine is against
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Why should you not use the Caseous lymphadenitis vaccine on farms that dont have it
DOES NOT prevent against disease
only decreases the disease prevalence (internal and external abscess formation)
There is no DIVA for serologic diagnosis - vaccination will result in seropositivity
T/F: the caseous lymphadentitis prevents disease
False-
only decreases the disease prevalence (internal and external abscess formation)
T/F: there is no DIVA for caseous lymphadentis vaccination
True- vaccination will result in seropositivity when testing
there is no DIVA for serologic diagnosis
How often should you give caseous lymphadenitis vaccine
Administer 2ml SQ
boost in 4 weeks
then boost annually
caseous lymphadenitis vaccine is only for use in
farms with endemic disease
Contagious ecthyma vaccine is only for use in
Endemic farms
- will contaminate the farm with virus
What is a concern with Contagious ecthyma vaccine
Zoonotic potential with live virus vaccine
induce mild disease creating immunity via virus exposure
Contagious ecthyma vaccine is what kind
Live vaccine
will induce mild disease creating immunity via virus exposure
scratch area free of hair or wool and apply the topical vaccine
How is the Contagious ecthyma vaccine administerd
scratch area free of hair or wool and apply the topical vaccine
T/F: bovine respiratory vaccines are safe and effective in small ruminants
False- there is no evidence
*Strains are not the same as bovine
What are the small ruminant respiratory disease vaccines
Product for Pasteurella mutocida, Mannheimia haemolytica
killed bacterin product with mostly bovine derived strains
-administer 2 doses 2-4 weeks apart
*NOT same strain as bovine
In small ruminants, many infections attributed to Mannehimia were actually
Bibersteinia trehalosi
-No protection from vaccines
Reproductive vaccines in small ruminants are only for what species
sheeps
The vibriosis vaccine in sheep is for
Campylobacter fetus fetus, C. jejuni
-bacterin vaccine to decrease abortion on farms with diagnosed abortions
-Vaccine shortly before bereeding
-Boost in 60-90 days
repeat annually
How often should you give breeding sheep the vibriosis vaccine
Vaccine shortly before breeding
Boost in 60-90 days
Repeat annually
Why is the killed brucella ovis vaccination not recommended
Brucella ovis: Little protective immunity and interferes with serologic testing
Enzootic abortion may decrease rate of abortions but will not prevent shedding of organism
What are the recommended miniature pig vaccinations
-Erysipelas
-Tetanus
-Leptospirosis
-Rabies
+/- actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Mini pigs are still considered
major food animal species - must provide withdrawal times
but the lifestyle of many pigs is quite different from commercial swine
T/F: there are no vaccines for labeled for llamas and alpacas
True
extralabel use means manufacturer will not guarantee safety or efficacy
What vaccines are not recommended in llamas/alpacas
Modified lives - camelids more sensitives
What are the commonly used vaccines in camelids
-Clostridial that includes tetanus (CDT)
-Rabies
+/- West Nile depending on geographic risk
Alpacas/Llamas get equine level antibody titer but
is that a protective amount in camelids?
When should you administer vaccinations to llamas/ alpacas
Clostridial: vaccine breeding females annually when open, vaccinate crias at 2-3 months of age, boost 3 weeks later then annually
Vaccinate males annually
Rabies: vaccinate annually starting at 3 months of age using large animal product
West Nile: different products, some 2, some 3
You are doing a c-section on a 2 year old Nigerian Dwarf doe. Her vaccination history is unknown. What vaccination recommendation would you make for this doe
Tetanus
A client brings her two newly acquired castrated Kunekine piglets that she purchased on Facebook
She asks you to give them a checkip and whatever shots they need
What vaccination recommendation would you give this proud pig owner?
Rabies
Lepto
Tetanus
Erypelothrix
might wait on lepto bc you dont want to give too many.
You should design a herd vaccination program based on
1) Basic understanding of immunology
2) Immune systems of animals in herd
3) Disease presence and exposure
4) TIming and ages of disease problems
5) Management practices that help/hinder vaccinations
6) Any required vaccines (shows, sale, stocker, feeder)
A single vaccination protocol for all cattle is not appropriate
What factors affect response to vaccination
-Overall health: age, pregnancy status, concurrent disease
-Nutrition
-Vitamin and mineral balance
-Stress: heat, cold, handling, weaning, transportation, processing
-Vaccine type used
What are common causes of vaccine failure (human factors)
1) Not following label
2) Improper vaccine handling
3) Maternal antibody interference
4) Stressors negatively affecting immune system
5) Improper vaccine choice
6) Not vaccinating all susceptible animals
You should vaccinate cattle before
they are really stressed (go to feedlot)
What is superior to killed virus vaccines in reducing naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease (BRD) morbidity and mortality after weaning
vaccination of beef calves around the time of weaning with MLV
-may not always be able to use MLV
T/F: calves are born agammaglobulinemic. however they are immune competent at birth
True
you should ideally vaccinate calves when
before protective maternal antibody titers drop below the protective level
pre-weaning vaccination may help with continuity of immunuty
In calves, maternal antibodies may interfere with immune response up to
6 months of age
-highly variable based on pathogen/vaccine and individual animals
How do maternal antibodies interfere with antibody generation
reduce or abolish antibody generation
vaccination in the face of maternal antibodies will NOT negatively impact later vaccination after maternal antibodies have waned
-T cell response is minimally affected by maternal antibodies
T/F: vaccination in the face of maternal antibodies will NOT negatively impact later vaccination after maternal antibodies have waned
True
T cell response is minimally affected by maternal antibodies
T/F: maternal antibodies can interfere with any type of vaccine
True
T/F: T cell response is very affected by maternal antibodies
False
What is the leading cause of death of beef calves between 3 weeks of age and weaning
Respiratory disease
Clinical protection may depend on the level of colostrum derived immunity at the time of vaccination
Vaccination of young dairy calves with miltivalent modified live viruses is effective for reducing naturally occuring BRD morbidity and mortality
False - however, LV is superior to killed for reducing BRD associated morbidity and mortality
MLV intranasal vaccines for cattle result in
rapid onset of protection ~3days
protection at site of entry for respiratory pathogen (mucosal immune priming and IgA production)
repeat after 6 months to avoid maternal antibody interference
What stressors should you avoid when vaccinating young cattle
-Transport
-Castration/dehorning
-Branding
-Weaning
Calves vaccinated before 6 months of age should be
re-vaccinated
and ensure adequate passive transfer of maternal immunity
What is effective for reducing naturally occuring and experimentally induced BRD morbidity and mortality after weaning
Vaccination of beef calves at or shortly after weaning with pareneteral multivalent MLV vaccines
Brucellosis vaccination must be done by an
accredited veterinarian
-ID tag, tattoo, and record
What does brucella abortus cause
abortion
weak offspring
decreased milk production
infertility
Brucellosis vaccination occurs in what kind of cows
Heifer calves 4-12 months of age
Bang OCV (official calve vaccination)
For brucellosis vaccination where does the metal ID tag go
Right ear-
R-Shield-LastDigitofYear
For brucellosis vaccination where does the RFID tag go
Right or Left
acknowledge that it might not fit in right ear
What kind of vaccinate is the brucellosis vaccination
right ear - may cause undulant fever if accidentally injected, sprayed in eyes or allowed prolonged contact with the skin
What is the primary pathogen causing infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Moraxella bovis
How affective if the infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis vaccine
studies show no protective effect with natural or experimental challenge
vaccine has no adverse reaction tho
How do you get the anaplasmosis vaccine for cattle
FDA approved for experimental use
must be manufactured in a USDA approved facility (not in Louisiana)
Approved for sale in some states
only available through a vet
proven safety in animals but NOT proven effective
may reduce severity and number of disease events in a herd
