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Large Animal Disease > Livestock Vaccine > Flashcards

Livestock Vaccine Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: vaccines prevent infection

A

False- they stimulate the immune response to get protection from disease

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2
Q

What are the goals of livestock vaccination

A

1) Improve animal health and welfare
2) Increase animal productivity
3) Reduce consumer risk
4) Disease eradication

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3
Q

T/F: 100% vaccine efficacy in 100% of animals is possible

A

False
-instead aims to increase the level of herd immunity
can achieve 70-80% response in the herd

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4
Q

the level of immunity in a population required to prevent an outbreak

A

herd immunity

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5
Q

How might herd immunity be achieved to make disease spread less likely

A

Vaccination
Prior illness

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6
Q

What is the immune response to vaccination goals in herd

A

Memory cells produce antibodies (B cells) and memory cells that will be actived to lyse target cells (T cells)

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7
Q

The initial antibody response that occurs ~4 days post vaccination produces

A

IgM

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8
Q

The second antibody response that occurs ~10-14 days post-vaccination produces

A

IgG

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9
Q

The cell mediated response occurs about ______ days post vaccination

A

10-14 days

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10
Q

The booster vaccination produces

A

secondary or anamnestic response
-Predominantly IgG
-Stronger Ab, longer duration

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11
Q

the primary vaccine response is

A

largely IgM and some IgG, shorter duration
response of Ab and T cell

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12
Q

What kind of vaccines are bacterin

A

killed, inactivated

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13
Q

formed exotoxins that are denatured (often with formulin)
must contain adjuvant

A

Toxoid vaccine

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14
Q

T/F: toxoid vaccines are immunogenic

A

True
-Stimulates antibody production
-Antibodies then bind to and nautralize the toxin

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15
Q

Toxoid vaccines must contain

A

adjuvant

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16
Q

How have we traditionally assessed vaccine efficacy

A

Serologic data

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17
Q

the level of immunity in a population required to prevent an outbreak

A

herd immunity

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18
Q

Killed vaccines require

A

adjuvant

result in more injection reactions and boosters

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19
Q

T/F: with killed/ inactivated vaccines, there is a risk of reversion to pathogenic wild type

A

False

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20
Q

Killed vaccines produce strong _________ but less robust _____

A

strong humoral
less robust cell mediated

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21
Q

Killed vaccines are safer in what patients

A

pregnant and young patients

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22
Q

What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines

A

-Require booster vaccination
-Slower onset of protection
-Hypersensitivities can be seen
-Narrower spectrum of protection

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23
Q

What are the advantages of killed vaccines

A

-Induce IgA, IgG production
-Stimulate memory T cell production
-Safe in pregnant and young patients
-Cannot revert to wild type
-Thermostable

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24
Q

Induce mild infection with live organisms from non-target hosts or attenuated to reduce virulence

A

Modified live vaccines

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25
Q

How are modified live vaccines produced

A

reduction in viruence or attenuation via passage through cell lines, chicken embryos, selection of less virulent mutation

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26
Q

What is a major advantage of modified live vaccines

A

Fewer doses required
No adjuvant required
Multiple route of administration possible
longer lasting immunity
Do not need adjuvant

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27
Q

T/F: modified live dont need adjuvant

A

True

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28
Q

What are disadvantages to modified live vaccines

A

1) Sensitive to improper handling/storage - not thermostable
2) May cause disease in stressed or immunocompromised
3) Risk of reversion to virulence- can infect others in herd
4) Immunosuppressive
5) Risk of abortion, fetal infections- teratogenic effects

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29
Q

Is duration of immunity better with killed or MLV

A

MLV

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30
Q

Is cell mediated immunity better with killed or MLV

A

MLV

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31
Q

Are injection site reactions more common with killed or MLV

A

Killed

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32
Q

Is immunosuppression more common with killed or MLV

A

MLV

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33
Q

What are the requirements for vaccine licensing

A

1) Purity- product free of extraneous microorganisms/materials

2) Safety- freedom from from properties causing undue local or systemic reactions when the vaccine is used as labeled

3) Potency: relative strength of the product as determined by test methods approved by CVB

4) Efficacy: Ability or capacity of the product to affect the result for which it is offered when the product is used as labeled

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34
Q

What is true of efficacy trials for vaccines

A

vary greatly between products and manufacturers
can be exceptionally difficult to interpret and essentially impossible to compare

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35
Q

USDA thats that the manufacturer of a vaccine needs to dmeonstrate that it is

A

Safe
Pure
Reasonable expectation of efficacy

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36
Q

the period between the administration of vaccine and the time the animal or its products can legally enter the human food chain

A

Withdrawal time

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37
Q

what is the common slaughter withdrawal time for vaccines

A

21 days
-check specific product label

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38
Q

Withdrawal times are set for MLV to allow _____ and killed to allow ______

A

MLV: to allow so the live vaccine strain isnt found in products/ tissues

Killed: no infectious risk but to allow the adjuvants to clear from the tissues

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39
Q

What should you always do before giving a new vaccine

A

check the label
-specifics on type, precautions, indications, use

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40
Q

What must be done to do extra-label vaccine use in livestock

A

-Must provide extendend withdrawal times based on data (FARAD)
-Must use vet products when available

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41
Q

Most vaccines for small ruminants are

A

killed bacterin products
-requine timely booster, avoid maternal antibody interferences

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42
Q

Why should you administer vaccines in sheeps and goats SQ if possible

A

meat quality assurance

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43
Q

Do goats or sheep show more severe vaccine reactions

A

Goats
-Local swelling
-Anaphylaxis

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44
Q

With vaccination in sheep and goats there is a lack of

A

field based vaccine trials comparing efficacy between them

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45
Q

What are the risk factors for the Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus vaccination in sheep and goats

A

1) High grain diet- Cl. perfringens type D
2) Processing- castration, tail docking (Tetanus)
3) Wounds (Tetanus)

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46
Q

With show animals, you should vaccinate on the

A

non-show side

47
Q

T/F: not all clostridal vaccines contain tetanus

A

True

many multivalent clostridial vaccines do not contain tetanus

48
Q

Recommended / core that all goats and sheep get

A

Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus

49
Q

The Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus is _____ ml in cows and ____ ml in sheep/goat

A

Cow: 5ml
Goat/Sheep: 2ml

50
Q

What is the Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus frequency in sheep/goats

A

Initial Vaccine
Booster in 3-4 week
Booster every 6-12 months depending on risk

if on high grain diet then do it more frequently

if on green pasture then annually

51
Q

When should you vaccinate breeding does and ewes with Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus

A

vaccinate 3-4 weeks prior to parturition
-Clostral antibodies provide immunity for neonates for 8-12 weeks of life

52
Q

When should you begin vaccinating kids and lambs with Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus

A

8-12 weeks of age
booster in 3-4 weeks

repeat vaccination every 6-12 months depending on risk

53
Q

What should you do for lambs/kids from dams with unknown vaccination history

A

Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus
Vaccinate at 1-3 weeks of age and again at 4 weeks

repeat vaccination every 6-12 months depending on risk

54
Q

What should you do for a wounded small ruminant and last Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus vaccine was given more than 6 months ago

A

give booster vaccination

administer tetanus antitoxin

55
Q

How is the antitoxin different from toxoid vaccine

A

Antitoxin is toxin-neutralizing antibody

Toxoid vaccine allows immune system to mount a response

56
Q

What are additional vaccines to consider in small ruminants, aside from Clostridium perfringens C &D + Tetanus

A

-Rabies
-Caseous lymphadenitis
-ORF: contagious ecthyma
-Pasteurellosis
-Enzootic abortion
-Vibriosis
-Bluetongue

57
Q

You should consider rabies vaccination in small ruminants

A

those with frequent human contact or county/city ordinances

58
Q

The rabies vaccination for use in cattle, sheep, and horses is what kind of vaccine

A

Killed

administer 1st dogse at 3 months of age and revaccinate cattle annually, sheep one year after first vaccination and then every 3 years

59
Q

What species is the rabies vaccination not labeled for use in

A

Goats- but relatively sage and effective

follow sheep recommendations when using in goats

60
Q

When do you vaccinate ruminants for rabies

A

1st dose: 3 months of age or older

Cattle: Revaccinate annually

Sheep: one year after first, and then every 3 years

61
Q

The caseous lymphadentitis vaccine is against

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

62
Q

Why should you not use the Caseous lymphadenitis vaccine on farms that dont have it

A

DOES NOT prevent against disease
only decreases the disease prevalence (internal and external abscess formation)

There is no DIVA for serologic diagnosis - vaccination will result in seropositivity

63
Q

T/F: the caseous lymphadentitis prevents disease

A

False-

only decreases the disease prevalence (internal and external abscess formation)

64
Q

T/F: there is no DIVA for caseous lymphadentis vaccination

A

True- vaccination will result in seropositivity when testing
there is no DIVA for serologic diagnosis

65
Q

How often should you give caseous lymphadenitis vaccine

A

Administer 2ml SQ
boost in 4 weeks
then boost annually

66
Q

caseous lymphadenitis vaccine is only for use in

A

farms with endemic disease

67
Q

Contagious ecthyma vaccine is only for use in

A

Endemic farms
- will contaminate the farm with virus

68
Q

What is a concern with Contagious ecthyma vaccine

A

Zoonotic potential with live virus vaccine

induce mild disease creating immunity via virus exposure

69
Q

Contagious ecthyma vaccine is what kind

A

Live vaccine
will induce mild disease creating immunity via virus exposure

scratch area free of hair or wool and apply the topical vaccine

70
Q

How is the Contagious ecthyma vaccine administerd

A

scratch area free of hair or wool and apply the topical vaccine

71
Q

T/F: bovine respiratory vaccines are safe and effective in small ruminants

A

False- there is no evidence

*Strains are not the same as bovine

72
Q

What are the small ruminant respiratory disease vaccines

A

Product for Pasteurella mutocida, Mannheimia haemolytica
killed bacterin product with mostly bovine derived strains
-administer 2 doses 2-4 weeks apart

*NOT same strain as bovine

73
Q

In small ruminants, many infections attributed to Mannehimia were actually

A

Bibersteinia trehalosi

-No protection from vaccines

74
Q

Reproductive vaccines in small ruminants are only for what species

A

sheeps

75
Q

The vibriosis vaccine in sheep is for

A

Campylobacter fetus fetus, C. jejuni
-bacterin vaccine to decrease abortion on farms with diagnosed abortions
-Vaccine shortly before bereeding
-Boost in 60-90 days
repeat annually

76
Q

How often should you give breeding sheep the vibriosis vaccine

A

Vaccine shortly before breeding
Boost in 60-90 days
Repeat annually

77
Q

Why is the killed brucella ovis vaccination not recommended

A

Brucella ovis: Little protective immunity and interferes with serologic testing

Enzootic abortion may decrease rate of abortions but will not prevent shedding of organism

78
Q

What are the recommended miniature pig vaccinations

A

-Erysipelas
-Tetanus
-Leptospirosis
-Rabies

+/- actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

79
Q

Mini pigs are still considered

A

major food animal species - must provide withdrawal times

but the lifestyle of many pigs is quite different from commercial swine

80
Q

T/F: there are no vaccines for labeled for llamas and alpacas

A

True

extralabel use means manufacturer will not guarantee safety or efficacy

81
Q

What vaccines are not recommended in llamas/alpacas

A

Modified lives - camelids more sensitives

82
Q

What are the commonly used vaccines in camelids

A

-Clostridial that includes tetanus (CDT)
-Rabies
+/- West Nile depending on geographic risk

83
Q

Alpacas/Llamas get equine level antibody titer but

A

is that a protective amount in camelids?

84
Q

When should you administer vaccinations to llamas/ alpacas

A

Clostridial: vaccine breeding females annually when open, vaccinate crias at 2-3 months of age, boost 3 weeks later then annually
Vaccinate males annually

Rabies: vaccinate annually starting at 3 months of age using large animal product

West Nile: different products, some 2, some 3

85
Q

You are doing a c-section on a 2 year old Nigerian Dwarf doe. Her vaccination history is unknown. What vaccination recommendation would you make for this doe

A

Tetanus

86
Q

A client brings her two newly acquired castrated Kunekine piglets that she purchased on Facebook
She asks you to give them a checkip and whatever shots they need
What vaccination recommendation would you give this proud pig owner?

A

Rabies
Lepto
Tetanus
Erypelothrix

might wait on lepto bc you dont want to give too many.

87
Q

You should design a herd vaccination program based on

A

1) Basic understanding of immunology
2) Immune systems of animals in herd
3) Disease presence and exposure
4) TIming and ages of disease problems
5) Management practices that help/hinder vaccinations
6) Any required vaccines (shows, sale, stocker, feeder)

A single vaccination protocol for all cattle is not appropriate

88
Q

What factors affect response to vaccination

A

-Overall health: age, pregnancy status, concurrent disease
-Nutrition
-Vitamin and mineral balance
-Stress: heat, cold, handling, weaning, transportation, processing
-Vaccine type used

89
Q

What are common causes of vaccine failure (human factors)

A

1) Not following label
2) Improper vaccine handling
3) Maternal antibody interference
4) Stressors negatively affecting immune system
5) Improper vaccine choice
6) Not vaccinating all susceptible animals

90
Q

You should vaccinate cattle before

A

they are really stressed (go to feedlot)

91
Q

What is superior to killed virus vaccines in reducing naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease (BRD) morbidity and mortality after weaning

A

vaccination of beef calves around the time of weaning with MLV

-may not always be able to use MLV

92
Q

T/F: calves are born agammaglobulinemic. however they are immune competent at birth

A

True

93
Q

you should ideally vaccinate calves when

A

before protective maternal antibody titers drop below the protective level

pre-weaning vaccination may help with continuity of immunuty

94
Q

In calves, maternal antibodies may interfere with immune response up to

A

6 months of age
-highly variable based on pathogen/vaccine and individual animals

95
Q

How do maternal antibodies interfere with antibody generation

A

reduce or abolish antibody generation

vaccination in the face of maternal antibodies will NOT negatively impact later vaccination after maternal antibodies have waned
-T cell response is minimally affected by maternal antibodies

96
Q

T/F: vaccination in the face of maternal antibodies will NOT negatively impact later vaccination after maternal antibodies have waned

A

True

T cell response is minimally affected by maternal antibodies

97
Q

T/F: maternal antibodies can interfere with any type of vaccine

A

True

98
Q

T/F: T cell response is very affected by maternal antibodies

A

False

99
Q

What is the leading cause of death of beef calves between 3 weeks of age and weaning

A

Respiratory disease

Clinical protection may depend on the level of colostrum derived immunity at the time of vaccination

100
Q

Vaccination of young dairy calves with miltivalent modified live viruses is effective for reducing naturally occuring BRD morbidity and mortality

A

False - however, LV is superior to killed for reducing BRD associated morbidity and mortality

101
Q

MLV intranasal vaccines for cattle result in

A

rapid onset of protection ~3days
protection at site of entry for respiratory pathogen (mucosal immune priming and IgA production)

repeat after 6 months to avoid maternal antibody interference

102
Q

What stressors should you avoid when vaccinating young cattle

A

-Transport
-Castration/dehorning
-Branding
-Weaning

103
Q

Calves vaccinated before 6 months of age should be

A

re-vaccinated

and ensure adequate passive transfer of maternal immunity

104
Q

What is effective for reducing naturally occuring and experimentally induced BRD morbidity and mortality after weaning

A

Vaccination of beef calves at or shortly after weaning with pareneteral multivalent MLV vaccines

105
Q

Brucellosis vaccination must be done by an

A

accredited veterinarian
-ID tag, tattoo, and record

106
Q

What does brucella abortus cause

A

abortion
weak offspring
decreased milk production
infertility

107
Q

Brucellosis vaccination occurs in what kind of cows

A

Heifer calves 4-12 months of age

Bang OCV (official calve vaccination)

108
Q

For brucellosis vaccination where does the metal ID tag go

A

Right ear-
R-Shield-LastDigitofYear

109
Q

For brucellosis vaccination where does the RFID tag go

A

Right or Left
acknowledge that it might not fit in right ear

110
Q

What kind of vaccinate is the brucellosis vaccination

A

right ear - may cause undulant fever if accidentally injected, sprayed in eyes or allowed prolonged contact with the skin

111
Q

What is the primary pathogen causing infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis

A

Moraxella bovis

112
Q

How affective if the infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis vaccine

A

studies show no protective effect with natural or experimental challenge

vaccine has no adverse reaction tho

113
Q

How do you get the anaplasmosis vaccine for cattle

A

FDA approved for experimental use
must be manufactured in a USDA approved facility (not in Louisiana)
Approved for sale in some states
only available through a vet
proven safety in animals but NOT proven effective
may reduce severity and number of disease events in a herd

Large Animal Disease (7 decks)

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