Ruminant Head, Neck, Shoulder, and Horns -Assignment 1

Question 1

What are the borders of the jugular groove in the ox?

Answer 1

ventral- sternomandibularis
dorsal- cleidomastoideus (mastoid part of cleidocephalicus)
medial- sternomastoideus

Question 2

What muscles are superficial to the jugular vein of the ox?

Answer 2

None.

Question 3

What is referred to as the knee of large animals?

Answer 3

carpus joint

Question 4

What is referred to as the cannon bone?

Answer 4

metacarpus

Question 5

How is the nuchal ligament of the ox different from that of the dog? (3 things here)

Answer 5

There is a cord-like funicular part, and a sheet-like laminar part.

No bursae are associated with the ruminant funiculus nuchae.

Caudal portion of the laminar part in unpaired.

Question 6

What is an infraorbital pouch?

Answer 6

A superficial structure of the face that is unique to sheep. It is a scent gland at sits in a depression of the skull (rostral to the eye).

Question 7

What is the difference in the lip of small vs large ruminants?

Answer 7

small- split lip

large- thickened nasolabial plate

Question 8

What are some superficial facial structures in goats?

Answer 8

Wattles- skin appendages
beards
horn glands caudomedial to the horn

Question 9

What are the most significant sinuses? How do they communicate in ruminants?

Answer 9

Frontal and maxillary sinuses; they do not communicate

Question 10

What sinus has diverticulae that extend into the horn?

Answer 10

frontal sinus

Question 11

How does the frontal sinus differ between small and large ruminants?

Answer 11

The frontal sinus does not extend over the cranial vault in small ruminants.

Question 12

What nerves of the face are associated with nerve blocks?

Answer 12

Trigeminal and facial nerves

Question 13

What nerve is normally superficial in the face and how does it differ in ruminants?

Answer 13

buccal branches; ruminants –> trigeminal and facial nerves

Question 14

What artery can bleed heavily during enucleation?

Answer 14

malar artery

Question 15

What artery can be used to get a pulse?

Answer 15

facial artery

Question 16

What artery is associated with the base of the horn?

Answer 16

the cornual artery’s small branches encircle the horn base

Question 17

What is the biggest species difference in superficial arteries of the face?

Answer 17

No facial artery in small ruminants, they have a large transverse facial to compensate

Question 18

What is the orbitorotundum?

Answer 18

The combination of the orbital fissure and round foramen- unique to ruminants

Question 19

How does the dorsal nasal artery differ in large animals?

Answer 19

It originates from the malar artery in the bovine and ovine, and from the superficial temporal artery in the caprine

Question 20

List the small ruminant species variation in blood vessels of the face listed in the powerpoint.

Answer 20

Small ruminants do not have an angularis oculi artery

The rostral lateral nasal artery is absent in sheep, and the single lateral nasal artery is a branch of the malar