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GA II > Avian Anatomy > Flashcards

Avian Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The skin of birds is ___ sensitive than mammals and bleeds ___.

A

less; less

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2
Q

Birds dont have any glands. True or False?

A

False- they are virtually glandless but have the uropygial gland and some in vent and external ear

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3
Q

What are brooding/incubation patches?

A

feather loss, thickening, increased vascularity

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4
Q

The beak is well ______ and grows ________.

A

innervated; continuously

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5
Q

What is a shank?

A

legs- cornified epidermis similar to scales of reptiles

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6
Q

What is a spur?

A

a structure on a roosters shank that has an osseous core

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7
Q

Can you age a rooster using the spur?

A

yes, length and rings at base related to age

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8
Q

How do you prevent growth of the spur?

A

remove spur papilla in chick

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9
Q

How many digits does a bird have?

A

4 (medial to lateral)

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10
Q

Which direction does the pelvis open in the bird?

A

ventrally

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11
Q

What would you expect to appear prior to laying season in a hen?

A

trabecular bone, thought to be calcium store

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12
Q

How many cervical vertebrae does a bird have? What about a chicken?

A

8-25

chicken 14-17

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13
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae does the chicken have?

A

7

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14
Q

What is the notarium?

A

4 fused thoracic vertebrae (followed by one free thoracic vertebrae)

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15
Q

What is the synsacrum?

A

15-16 fused vertebrae in the chicken (plus fused ilium) includes 2 thoracic (with one or two ribs), lumbar, sacral, and 1st caudal

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16
Q

How many free caudal vertebrae does the chicken have?

A

5-6

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17
Q

What is the pygostyle?

A

most caudal fused segment that supports retrices

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18
Q

What are retrices?

A

tail feathers

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19
Q

What is the rectrical bulb?

A

fibroadipose mass agaisnt the ventral surface of pygostyle

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20
Q

How many digits does the thoracic limb of the chicken have?

A

3

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21
Q

Which thoracic limb digits in the chicken are reduced?

A

1st and 3rd

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22
Q

What are pneumatized bones?

A

air sacs invade the bone to reduce weight at expense of bone marrow

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23
Q

Why is the skull different from other pneumatized bones?

A

it is pneumatized by sinuses, not air sacs

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24
Q

What species like a uropygial gland?

A

pigeons, parrots, and hyacinth macaws

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25
Q

In what species is the uropygial gland prominent?

A

budgerigar

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26
Q

What is the vane of the feather?

A

the “feather” part- made up of rows of interlocking barbs, that hook together by barbules

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27
Q

What is the shaft of the feather?

A

the center support

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28
Q

What is the calamus?

A

the quill- embedded part of feather

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29
Q

What is a blood feather?

A

immature or pin feather; contains vascular calamus

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30
Q

What are pterylae?

A

feather tracts

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31
Q

What are apteria?

A

bare areas between pterylae

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32
Q

What is the preferred site for surgery in a bird?

A

apteria

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33
Q

What controls molting and how often does it happen?

A

Usually once per year after breeding; hormonally controlled in response to changes in temperature and day length

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34
Q

What are contour feathers?

A

large feathers that determine body contour; includes remiges and rectrices

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35
Q

What are remiges?

A

flight feathers

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36
Q

What are down feathers?

A

small fluffy feathers that insulate

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37
Q

Which type of feather has barbs that unite to form a closed vane?

A

contour feathers

38
Q

Are flight feathers symmetrical or asymmetrical? Why?

A

Asymmetrical vane for aerodynamics

39
Q

What kind of feather would you expect to see around the eye?

A

bristle feathers

40
Q

What muscle is the main depressor of the wing?

A

pectoralis

41
Q

What muscle is the main elevator of the wing?

A

supracoracoideus

42
Q

Which muscle can be used to assess body condition?

A

pectoralis

43
Q

Would you expect to find a deep part of pectoralis in soaring or non-soaring birds?

A

soaring

44
Q

What is used to hold food in a birds mouth?

A

mechanical papillae

45
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

oral cavity + pharynx because there is no clear demarcation

46
Q

What is the choana?

A

Slit in the palate- how the nasal cavity communicates with the oropharynx

47
Q

What is the crop?

A

dilation of the esophagus at thoracic inlet

48
Q

What is the proventriculus?

A

glandular stomach

49
Q

What is the ventriculus?

A

muscular grinding organ

50
Q

What is special about the duodenum of the bird?

A

u-shaped with pancreas in center

51
Q

The ceca of birds in paired. True or false?

A

True

52
Q

What is the cloaca?

A

Common opening for urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems

53
Q

What is the gizzard?

A

ventriculus

54
Q

The crop is a site of impaction. True or false?

A

true

55
Q

What side of the neck is the esophagus on?

A

right

56
Q

Wtf is crop milk?

A

Some species produce “crop milk” (desquamated epithelial cells) for 2 weeks to feed young

57
Q

What is grit used for?

A

small stones to aid ventriculus function

58
Q

What species have a more muscular ventriculus?

A

herbivores

59
Q

If you have to open the gizzard, where would you do it?

A

blind sac

60
Q

Birds lack a gallbladder. True or false?

A

False- only some species lack a gallbladder

61
Q

What sinus easily spreads infection to air sac system?

A

infraorbital sinus

62
Q

Are the tracheal rings complete, incomplete or overlapping in the bird?

A

complete

63
Q

Which side of the neck is the trachea located?

A

right side

64
Q

What is the syrinx?

A

the avian voicebox

65
Q

Where is the syrinx?

A

bifurcation of trachea

66
Q

What is clinically significant about the syrinx?

A

common site for foreign bodies

67
Q

What is different about avian lung location?

A

dorsally located pressed against thoracic vertebrae

68
Q

What is different about the avian diaphragm?

A

they dont have one

69
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

parabronchi and air capillaries

70
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

air moves into the air sacs

71
Q

What happens during expiration?

A

air moves out of air sacs

72
Q

Which air sacs get fresh air?

A

caudal air sacs

73
Q

Explain inspiration 1 & 2 and expiration 1 & 2.

A

inspiration 1: air goes into caudal air sac

expiration 1: air goes into lung

inspiration 2: air goes into cranial air sac

expiration 2: air goes out through trachea

74
Q

Why is the avian respiratory system more efficient than mammals?

A

thinner blood-air barrier

counter-current blood flow

one-way air flow through lungs

pulmonary rigidity

75
Q

Mammals have less dead space than birds. True or false?

A

False- mammals have more dead space than birds

76
Q

What are celomic cavities?

A

body cavities

77
Q

How many celomic cavities do birds have?

A

16

8 air sacs
8 other body cavities

78
Q

Which direction does the aortic arch go in the bird?

A

right

79
Q

Birds have high blood pressure than mammals. True or false?

A

true

80
Q

Birds have more ______ blood vessels to maintain __________ of the heart beat.

A

collagenous; blood pressure

81
Q

Birds are more prone to atherosclerosis with age. True or false?

A

True

82
Q

What are venipuncture sites for birds?

A

deep ulnar vein
right jug
medial metatarsal v
toe-nail clipping for small amount

83
Q

Which venipuncture site is least prone to extravasation?

A

right jug v

84
Q

Birds have no urinary bladder or urethra. True or false?

A

True

85
Q

Nerves from the rear limb go through the _____. Why is this clinically important?

A

kidney; kidney issues often present as a lameness

86
Q

Which ovary is vestigial?

A

right

87
Q

What organ is the female repro tract attached to?

A

left kidney

88
Q

What does the oviduct consist of?

A

entire tract from infundibulum to vagina

89
Q

One insemination for ___ days of fertilization.

A

10

90
Q

What are the parts of the oviduct?

A

infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus, vagina

91
Q

Where is the shell gland?

A

in the uterus

GA II (14 decks)

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