Rule 4

Question 1

When should you just use “id.” and when should additional information be put after “id”? When do you use “at” before id. and when don’t you?

Answer 1

Any change in what is being cited, such as page numbers, needs to be indicated after “Id.”
Use “at” before pages but not do use before section symbols.

Question 2

Can id. be used for statutes?

Answer 2

Yes. But be careful. For example, the title usually has to be the same in the previous authority. The short form is ‘I’d. (Sec. symbol) no.’ It would not be clear
To the reader if it were not the same title.

Question 3

For what types of authority can you can use id.? Which rule governs this answer.

Answer 3

“Id.” is an ALL-purpose short form citation that may be used for ANY cited authority except internal cross-references. R 4.1, Id.

Question 4

What does id. refer to? When can id. NOT be used?

Answer 4

“Id.” always refers to the immediately proceeding cited authority, either in the same footnote or the previous footnote. 1) If it referring to the previous FN, then that FN can only have one authority; 2) In general, there can’t be an intervening authority between id. and the authority to which it refers.

Question 5

What rule governs “supra”? What authority can “supra” be used with?

Answer 5

R. 4.2(a), Supra. R 4.2, “Supra” and “Hereinafter.”
“Supra” may be used to refer to CERTAIN types of previously cited materials but MOST COMMONLY books and articles. Rule 4.2 contains a complete, detailed list of which materials may and may not be cited to using “Supra.” Note, however, that in general most forms of primary legal authority (cases, statutes, etc.) should not be referred to using “Supra.”