RT 208 Respiratory System Flashcards
nose to larynx and lower respiratory tract
trachea onwards
upper respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract
Transports air
Includes nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways, from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles
Conducting portion
upper respiratory tract
Carries out gas exchange
composed of small airways called respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts and alveoli (air sacs)
Respiratory portion
Respiratory System Functions
Filters inspired air
Produces sound
Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide
Contains receptors for smell
Rids the body of some excess water and heat
Regulate blood pH
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Two phases of Breathing
Inhalation and Exhalation
or Inspiration and Expiration
To draws gases into the lungs
Inhalation
To force gases out of the lungs
Exhalation
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Respiratory mucosa
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea, secrete mucus
Respiratory mucosa
These tiny hair like structures move mucus up toward the mouth
Cilia of the Respiratory mucosa
mucous membranes that contain smell receptors
olfactory mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that secrete mucus which traps inhaled particles
respiratory mucosa
Nose
kills bacteria and lymphocytes
Lysozyme
Nose
protect against bacteria
IgA antibodies
Nose
folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes
Nasal conchae
Nose
opening to pharynx
External nares
Five factors of the nose
- Provides an airway for respiration
- Moistens and warms entering air
- Filters and cleans inspired air
- Resonating chamber for speech
- Detects odors in the air stream
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surgery to change shape of external nose
Rhinoplasty
Pharynx
Common space used by both the respiratory and digestive systems.
Commonly called the throat.
Originates posterior to the nasal and oral cavities
Extends inferiorly near the level of the bifurcation of the larynx and esophagus.
Common pathway for both air and food.
Walls are lined by a mucosa and contain skeletal muscles
primarily used for swallowing.
Flexible lateral walls are distensible in order to force swallowed food into the esophagus.
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Superior-most region of the pharynx
Located directly posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate
which separates the oral cavity.
Normally, only air passes through.
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
The middle pharyngeal region.
posterior to the oral cavity.
Bounded by the edge of the soft palate superiorly and the hyoid bone inferiorly.
Common respiratory and digestive pathway through which both air and swallowed food and drink pass.
Lymphatic organs here provide the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign materials.
Palatine tonsils are on the lateral wall between the arches,
Lingual tonsils are at the base of the tongue.
Defense mechanism: gag reflex
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Laryngopharynx
Inferior, narrowed region of the pharynx.
Extends inferiorly from the hyoid bone to the larynx and esophagus.
Terminates at the superior border of the esophagus and the epiglottis of the larynx.
Permits passage of both food and air.
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Larynx
Voice box
Short, somewhat cylindrical airway
Ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials from entering the lower respiratory tract.
Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract.
Produces sounds.
Supported by a framework of nine pieces of cartilage
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Larynx
Nine c-rings of cartilage form the framework of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
(1) Adam’s apple, hyaline, anterior attachment of vocal folds
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Cricoid cartilage
(1) ring-shaped, hyaline
Arytenoid cartilages
(2) hyaline, posterior attachment of vocal folds
Cuneiform cartilages
(2) hyaline
Corniculate cartlages
(2) hyaline
Epiglottis
(1) elastic cartilage
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Larynx
Muscular walls aid in voice production and the swallowing reflex
Glottis
the superior opening of the larynx
Epiglottis
prevents food and drink from entering airway when swallowing
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Sound production
Inferior ligaments are called the vocal folds.
- are true vocal cordsﾓbecause they produce sound when air passes between them
Superior ligaments are called the vestibular folds
Are false vocal cordsﾓbecause they have no function in sound production
but protect the vocal folds.
The tension, length, and position of the vocal folds determine the quality of the sound.
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