RT 103 Ch. 3, CA Flashcards
Name the 3 groups that the nine regions of the body are divided into, in the REGION method.
- Superior
- Middle
- Inferior
What 3 regions of the body are part of the superior group?
- Right hypochondrium
- Epigastrium
- Left hypochondrium
What 3 regions of the body are part of the Middle group?
Right lateral
Umbilical
Left lateral
If a patient is diagnosed as having epigastric pain what method of division would this be an example of?
Region method ( Nine region method)
If a patient is diagnosed as having RLQ pain, what method of division would this be an example of?
Quadrant method
Surface Landmarks- C1
Mastoid tip
Surface Landmarks- Cervical Area, C2, C3
Gonion, (Angle of mandible)
Surface Landmarks- Cervical Area, C3, C4
Hyoid Bone
Surface Landmarks- Cervical Area, C5
Thyroid cartilage
Surface Landmarks- Cervical Area- C7, T1
Vertebra prominens
Surface Landmarks- Thoracic area- T1
Approx. 2” (5cm) above level of the jugular notch
Surface Landmarks- Thoracic area- T2, T3
Level of Jugular notch
What 3 regions of the body are part of the Inferior group?
Right inguinal
hypogastrium
left inguinal
Surface landmarks - Thoracic Area - T4, T5
Level of sternal angle
Surface landmarks - Thoracic Area - T7
Level of inferior angles of scapulae
Surface landmarks - Thoracic Area - T9, T10
Level of xiphoid process
Surface landmarks - Lumbar Area - L2, L3
Inferior costal margin
Surface landmarks - Lumbar Area - L4, L5
Level of superiormost aspect of iliac crests
Surface landmarks - Sacrum and Pelvic Area - S1, S2
Level of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Surface landmarks - Sacrum and Pelvic Area - Coccyx
Level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters.
Body Habitus
Common variations in the shape of the human body.
Why is the specific type of body habitus important in radiography?
Because it determines the size, shape, and position of the organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
What does the body habitus directly affect the locations of which organs?
Heart Lungs Diaphragm Stomach Colon Gallbladder
What are the four body types of body habitus?
Sthenic (50% of population)
Asthenic (10% of population)
Hyposthenic (35% of population)
Hypersthenic (5% of population)
What percentage of the population has either Sthenic or Hyposthenic body habitus?
85%
What is the dominant type of body habitus?
Sthenic
Patients with Sthenic or Hyposthenic body habitus are referred to as what?
Ordinary or average
Sthenic (50% of population) organ placement
Heart: Moderately transverse
Lungs: Moderate length
Diaphragm: Moderately High
Stomach: High, upper left
Colon: Spread evenly, slight dip in transverse colon
Gallbladder: Centered on right upper abdomen
Sthenic (50% of population) characteristics
Build: Moderately heavy
Abdomen: Moderately long
Thorax: Moderately short, broad, and deep
Pelvis; Relatively small
Hyposthenic (35% of population)
Organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between Sthenic and Asthenic body habitus types: this habitus is the most difficult to classify.
Asthenic (10% of population) organ placement
Heart: Nearly vertical and at midline
Lungs: Long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base
Diaphragm: Low
Stomach: Low and medial, in the pelvis when standing
Colon: low, spreads in itself
Gallbladder: lower and nearer to the midline
Hypersthenic (5% of population) characteristics
Build: Massiver; described as having a barrell chest
Abdomen: Long
Thorax: Short, broad, deep
Pelvis; Narrow
Asthenic (10% of population) characteristics
Build: Frail
Abdomen: Short
Thorax: long, shallow
Pelvis; Wide
Hypersthenic (5% of population) organ placement
Heart: axis nearly transverse
Lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles
Diaphragm: High
Stomach: High and transverse, and i the middle
Colon: Around periphery of abdomen
Gallbladder: High, outside, lies more parallel.
How many bones does the adult human skeleton have?
206
What unites bones to the skeleton?
Ligaments
What do bones provide?
- Attachment for muscles
- Mechanical basis for movement
- Protection of internal organs.
- a frame to support the body
- Storage for calcium, phosphorus and other salts
- Production of red and white blood cells
What are the 2 main groups bones are divided in?
Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton group of bone
supports and protects the head and trunk with 80 bones.
Appendicular skeleton group of bone
allows the body to move in various positions and from place to place with 126 bones
Axial skeleton - Skull 28 bones
Cranial - 8
Facial - 14
Axial skeleton - Neck 1 bone
Hydroid
Axial skeleton - Thorax 25 bones
Sternum - 1
Ribs - 24
Axial skeleton - Vertebral Column 26 bones
Cervical -7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 sacrum - 1 Coccyx - 1
Appendicular skeleton - Shoulder Girdle 4 bones
Clavicles -2
Scapulae -2
Appendicular skeleton - upper limbs 60 bones
Humeri - 2 Ulnae - 2 Radii -2 Carpals - 16 metacarpals - 10 Phalanges -28
Appendicular skeleton - lower limbs 60 bones
Femora - 2 Tibias - 2 Fibuae -2 Patellae - 2 Tarsals -14 Metatarsals - 10 Phalanges -28
Appendicular skeleton - pelvic girdle 2 bones
Hip bones - 2
Bone Features
A spiculated network of interconnecting spaces; filled with red and yellow marrow
Trabeculae
(Don’t forget that this answer is part of the spongy bone feature, there is also a compact bone outer layer which is also a feature.)
Bones that have a central cavity;which contains trabeculae filled with yellow marrow. Name this type of bone?
Long Bones
The name of the cavity containing yellow marrow in long bones?
Medullary
This tough fibrous connective tissue covers all bony surfaces except the articular surfaces, which are covered by the articular cartilage.
Periosteum
The tissue lining the medullary cavity of bones is called?
Endosteum
The term given to the development and formation of bones?
Ossification
When do bones begin to develop?
In the 2nd month of embryonic life
Ossification
Bones that develop from fibrous membranes in the embryo produce the flat bones? Name the stage in ossification and bones.
Intermembranous; Bones of the skull, clavicles, mandible, and sternum
Ossification
Bones that develop from HYALINE CARTILAGE in the bone and produce the short, irregular and long bones. Name the Ossification.
Endochondral
Ossification
Begins BEFORE BIRTH and forms the entire bulk of the short and irregular bones, and forms the long central shaft in long bones.
Primary
What the long shaft of long bones is called
Diaphysis
Ossification
Occurs after birth when a separate bone begins to develop at both ends of each long bone.
Secondary
Name the end of each end of the long bone
Epiphysis
Name the type of bones found only in the limbs, and examples of these bones?
Long bones ; Femur, humerus, phalanges of fingers, and toes
Name the type of bone consisting of cancellous bone containing red marrow and have a thin outer layer of compact bone. Give examples.
short bones; carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankles
Name the type of bones which are named for their peculiar shape? Give examples.
Irregular bones; vertebrae and bones in the pelvis
Name the type of bones which are small and oval, and develop inside and beside tendons. Give examples
Sesamoid bones; Patella
The study of the joints, or articulations between bones.
Arthrology
Functional Classification:
Immovable joints
Synarthroses
Functional Classification
Slightly movable joints
Amphiarthroses
Functional Classification
Freely movable
Diarthroses
Name the three groups of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Name the three types of Fibrous joints?
Syndesmosis, Suture, Gomphosis
Structural Classification
Name this fibrous immovable or slightly movable joint united by sheets of fibrous tissue.
Also name the functional class.
Syndesmosis
Functional: Synarthroses or Amphiarthroses
Give an example of a Syndesmosis joint.
The inferior tibiofibular joint
Structural Classification
Name this fibrous immovable joint occuring only in the skull.
Also name the functional class.
Suture
Functional: Synarthroses
Structural Classification
Name this fibrous immovable joint occuring only in the roots of the teeth
Also name the functional class.
Gomphosis
Functional: Synarthroses
Name the two types of Cartilaginous joints:
Symphysis, Synchondrosis
Structural Classification
Name this cartilaginous slightly movable joint separated by a pad of fibrocartilage and designed for strength and shock absorbency.
Also name the functional class.
Symphysis
Functional: Ampiarthroses
Give an example of a symphysis joint:
The joint between the two pubic bones (pubic symphysis)
Structural Classification
Name this cartilaginous immovable joint that contains a rigid cartilage that units two bones.
Also name the functional class.
Synchondrosis
Funtional: Synarthrosis
Give an example of a synchondrosis joint:
The epiphyseal plate found between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing long bone.
Name the six types of Synovial joints:
- Gliding (or Plane)
- Hinge (or Ginglymus)
- Pivot (or Trochoid)
- Ellipsoid (or Condyloid)
- Saddle (or Sellar)
- Ball and Socket (Spheroid)
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with uniaxial movement, that permits slight movement, and contain flattened or slightly curved surfaces.
Also name the functional class.
Gliding (or Plane)
Funtional: Diarthroses
Give an example of a Gliding (or Plane) joint?
The intertarasal and intercarpal joints of the ankles and wrists.
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with uniaxial movement, that permits only flexion and extension:
Also name the functional class.
Hinge (or Ginglymus)
Functional: Diarthroses
Give an example of the Hinge (or Ginglymus) joint:
The elbow knee, and ankle
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with uniaxial movement, that permits rotation around a single axis.
Also name the functional class
Pivot (or trochoid)
Functional: Diarthroses
Give an example of the Pivot (or trochoid) joint:
The articulation of the atlas and axis of the cervical spine
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with biaxial movement, that permits movement in two directions at right angles to each other.
Also name the functional class.
Ellipsoid (condyloid)
Functional: Diarthroses
Give an example of the Ellipsoid (or condyloid) joint:
The radiocarpal joint of the wrist
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with biaxial movement, that permits movement in two axes, similar to the ellipsoid joint.
Also name the functional class.
The Saddle joint (or spheroid)
Functional: Diarthroses
Structural Classification
Name this synovial joint with multiaxial movement, and permits movement in many axes, including flexion, and extension, abdution, and aduction.
Also name the functional class.
Ball and socket ( or spheroid)
Funtional: Diarthroses
What are all bones composed of?
outer layer called compact bone which protects the bone and supports the body and an inner layer called spongy bone that contain trabeculae
What does red marrow produce?
red and white blood cells.
What does yellow marrow do?
stores adipose (fat) cells.
What are the knoblike projections of the bone called and what is the function?
tubercles and tuberosities which are covered by the Periosteum, the projections serve as contact point for muscles, ligaments and tendons to attach to.
Where do blood vessels and nerves enter and exit through?
foramina (part of the Periosteum)
Processes and projections
extend beyond or project out from the main body of a bone.
Processes and projections:
condyle
rounded process at an articular extremity
Processes and projections:
coracoid or coronoid
beakike or crownlike process
Processes and projections
crest
ridgelike process
Processes and projections
epiccondyle
projection above a condyle
Processes and projections
facet
small, smooth - surfaced process for articulation with another structure.
Processes and projections
hamulus
hook-shaped process
Processes and projections
head
expanded end of a long bone
Processes and projections
horn
hornlike process on a bone
Processes and projections
line
less prominent ridge than a crest; a linear elevation.
Processes and projections
malleolus
club-shaped process
Processes and projections
protuberance
projecting part or prominence
Processes and projections
spine
sharp process
Processes and projections
styloid
long, pointed process
Processes and projections
trochanter
either of two large, rounded, and elevated processes (greater or major and lessor or minor) located at junction of neck and shaft of femur
Processes and projections
tubercle
small, rounded, and elevated process
Processes and projections
tuberosity
large, rounded and elevated process
What is a depression?
hollow or depressed areas
Depression
fissure
cleft or deep groove
Depression
foremen
hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves.
Depression
fossa
pit, fovea, or hollow space
Depression
groove
shallow linear channel
Depression
meatus
tubelike passageway running within a bone.
Depression
notch
indentation into border of a bone.
Depression
sinus
recess, groove, cavity, or hollow space, such as (1) recess or groove in bone, as used to designate a channel for venous blood on inner surface of cranium; (2) air cavity in bone or hollow space in other tissue (used to designate a hollow space within a bone, as in paranasal sinuses; (3) fustula or supporting channel in soft tissue.
Depression
sulcus
furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression
What is a fracture
a break in the bone.
How are fracture classified?
According to the nature of the break
Fracture
closed
fracture that does not break through the skin
Fracture
displaced
serious fracture in which bones are not in anatomic allignment
Fracture
nondisplaced
fracture in which bone retains its normal alignment
Fracture
open/compound
serious fracture in which broken bone or bones project through the skin
what are the common classifications of fractures?
compression open or compound simple greenstick transverse spiral or oblique comminuted impacted
What does anterior (ventral) mean?
refers to forward or front part of the body or forward part of an organ
What does posterior (dorsal) mean?
refers to forward or back part of the body organ
(note, however that the superior surface of the foot is referred to as the dorsal surface.
What does caudad mean?
refers to parts away from the head of the body
What does cephalad mean?
refers to parts towards the head of the body
What does inferior mean?
refers to nearer the feet or situated below
What does superior mean?
refers to nearer the head or situated above
What does central mean?
refers to middle area or main part of organ
What does peripheral mean?
refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside if another body part
What does ipsilateral mean?
refers to part or parts on the same side of the body
What does contralateral mean?
refers to part or parts on the opposite side of the body
What does lateral mean?
refers to parts away from the medium plane of the body or away from the middle of another body part to the right or left
What does medial mean?
refers to parts toward the medium plane of the body or toward the middle of another part of the body
What does deep mean?
refers to parts far from the surface
What does superficial mean?
refers to parts near the skin or surface
What does distal mean?
refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning; away from center of body
What does proximal mean?
refers to parts nearer the point of attachment, point of reference origin, or beginning; toward the center of the body
What does external mean?
refers to parts outside an organ or on the outside of the body
What does internal mean?
refers to parts within or on the inside of an organ
What does parietal mean?
refers to the wall or lining of a body cavity
What does visceral mean?
refers to the covering of an organ
What does dorsum mean?
refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand
What does palmar mean?
refers to the palm of the hand
What does plantar mean?
refers to the sole of the foot
What are the four positioning terms most used in radiology?
- projection
- position
3 view - method
Define projection
the path of the central ray as it exits the xray tube and goes through the patient to the IR.
Most projections are defined by the entrance and exit points in the body and are based on ANATOMIC POSITION.
Relationship projections
relationship formed by the central and the body as the central ray passes through the entire body or body part.
examples include the axial and tangential projections.
Anteroposterior projection
a perpendicular central ray enters the anterior body surface and exits posterior body surfaces.
Anteroposterior projection - patient postions
supine or dorsal recumbent body position, upright position, seated position or lateral decubitus position
Posteroanterior projection
a perpendicular central ray enters the posterior body surface and exits anterior body surfaces.
Posteroanterior projection - patient positions
upright
seated
prone ( ventral recumbent)
lateral decubitus
Axial projection
there is longitudinal angulation of the central ray with the long axis of the body or specific body part.
Axial projection - patient positions
based on the anatomic position and is most often produced by angling the central ray cephalad or caudad. (can be obtained with the patient in virtually any body position.
Axial
refers to all projections in which the longitudinal angulation between the central ray and the long axis of the body part is 10 degrees or more.
Tangential position
occasionally the central ray is directed toward the outer margin of the curved body surface to profile a body part just under the surface and project free of superimposition.
Relationship is formed between the central ray and the entire body or body part
Lateral projection
perpendicular central ray enters one side of the body or body part, passes transversely along the coronal plane, and exits opposite side.
Left or right lateral postion
specifies the side of the body closest to the IR
Oblique projection
central ray enters the body or body part from a single angle following an oblique plane. May enter from either side of body and from anterior and posterior surfaces.
AP oblique projection
enters anterior surface and exits the opposite posterior surface
PA oblique projection
enters posterior surface and exits anteriorly.
What type of positioning would RPO be?
Right Posterior Oblique - places the right posterior surface closest to the IR and corresponds with an AP projection exiting through the same side.
True projections
Body part must be placed EXACTLY in the anatomic position.
In Profile
is an outlined or silhouette view of an anatomic structure that has a distinctive shape.
Postion
Used in 2 ways in radiology
1. identifies the overall posture of the patient or the general body position.
2 specific placement of the body part in relation to the radiographic table or IR during imaging.
General Body Position used in radiography practice
upright
erect or marked by a vertical postion
General Body Position used in radiography practice
seated
upright position in which the patient is sitting on a chair or stool
General Body Position used in radiography practice
recumbent
general term referring to lying down in any position such as dorsal recumbent, ventral recumbent, or lateral recumbent
General Body Position used in radiography practice
supine
lying on the back
General Body Position used in radiography practice
prone
lying face down
Lateral position
lateral radiographic positions are always named according to the side of the patient that is placed closest to the IR.
Oblique position
achieved when the entire body or body part is rotated so that the coronal is not parallel with the radiographic table or IR.
Named according to the side of the patient that is placed closest to the IR.
decubitus position
indicates that the patient is lying down and that the central ray is horizontal and parallel with the floor.
Name the 3 primary decubitus positions
lateral decubitus (left or right) dorsal decubitus ventral decubitus
Which primary decubitus position is used most often?
lateral
Lordotic position
achieved by having the patient lean backward while in the upright body position so that only the shoulders are in contact with the IR.
Body Movement Terminology
abduct or abduction
movement from a part away from the central axis of the body or body part.
Body Movement Terminology
adduct or adduction
movement from a part toward the central axis of the body or body part.
Body Movement Terminology
extension
straightening of a joint when both elements of the joint are in the atomic position; normal position of joint.
Body Movement Terminology
flexion
act of bending a joint, opposite of extension
Body Movement Terminology
hyperextension
forced or excessive extension of a limb or joints.
Body Movement Terminology
hyperflexion
forced overflexion of a limb or joints
Body Movement Terminology
evert/eversion
outward turning of the foot at the ankle
Body Movement Terminology
invert/inversion
inward turning of the foot at the ankle
Body Movement Terminology
pronate/pronation
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is down.
Body Movement Terminology
supinate/supination
rotation of the forearm so that the palm is up.
Body Movement Terminology
rotate/rotation
turning or rotating of a body or a body part around its axis rotation of a limb is either medial (toward the midline of the body from the anatomic position or lateral (away from the midline of the body from the anatomic position.
Body Movement Terminology
circumduction
circular movement of a limb
Body Movement Terminology
tilt
tipping or slanting a body part slightly; tilt is in relation to the long axis of the body.
Body Movement Terminology
deviation
turning away from the regular standard or course
Body Movement Terminology
dorsiflexion
flexion or bending the foot toward the leg
Body Movement Terminology
plantar flexion
flexion or bending the foot downward toward the sole.
What are the four fundamental body planes referred regularly in radiography?
- Sagittal
- Coronal
- Horizontal
- Oblique
The body plane that divides the entire body or a body part into right and left segments . It passes VERTICALLY through the body from from to back.
Sagittal
The body plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left halves.
Mid-Sagittal
The body plane that divides the entire body or a body part into anterior and posterior segments. It passes through the body vertically from one side to the other.
Coronal
A specific body plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal anterior and posterior halves.
Mid-Coronal
The mid-coronal plane is also known as?
mid-axillary plane
The body plane that passes crosswise through the body or body part at right angles to the longitudinal axis.
Horizontal
The Horizontal plane is also referred to as?
Transverse , axial, cross-sectional plane
The body angle that can pass through a body part at any angle among any of the other planes.
Oblique
What are the two great cavities of the torso?
Thoracic and Abdominal
The body cavity that is sub-divided into a pericardial segment and two pleural portions.
Thoracic cavity
The body cavity that has no intervening partition, the lower portion is called the pelvic cavity
Abdominal cavity
The body cavity containing: Pleural membranes Lungs Esophagus Pericardium Heart and great vessels
Thoracic cavity
The body cavity containing: Peritoneum Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen Stomach Intestines Kidneys Ureters
Abdominal cavity
Name the methods the abdomen can be divided.
Four quadrants or Nine regions
Name the four clinical divisions in the quadrant method.
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)