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Chemistry > RPA - Mechanisms > Flashcards

RPA - Mechanisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Give the initiation step in FRS

A

Cl2 –> 2Cl.

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2
Q

Give the two propagation steps in FRS

A

CH4 + Cl. –> CH3. + HCl

CH3. + Cl2 –> CH3Cl + Cl.

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3
Q

Give the major termination step in FRS

A

CH3. + Cl. –> CH3Cl

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4
Q

Give the minor termination step

A

CH3. + CH3. –> C2H6

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5
Q

What is required to avoid further FRS involving CH3Cl and Cl.

A

Excess CH3 to reduce chance of encounter

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6
Q

What is required to start the Cl bond fission?

A

UV light

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7
Q

What type of bond fission occurs when 2 Cl. formed?

A

Homolytic bond fission

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8
Q

For nucleophilic substitution, what are the conditions?

A

Reflux, ethanol/water solvent, heat

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9
Q

Give the equation for the formation of the electrophile Br+

A

FeBr3 + Br2 –> FeBr4- + Br+

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10
Q

How can we describe FeBr3

A

Halogen carrier catalyst

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11
Q

What are the conditions for Electrophilic substitution using Br+?

A

Anhydrous, reflux, FeBr3 catalyst

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12
Q

Give the equation for the formation of FeBr3 after the substitution

A

FeBr4- + H+ –> FeBr3 + HBr

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13
Q

Give the overall reaction for the reaction between bromine and benzene

A

C6H6 + Br2 –> C6H5Br + HBr

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14
Q

Give the reagents in the nitration of benzene

A

CONC HNO3

CONC H2SO4

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15
Q

Give the conditions for nitration of benzene

A

Reflux

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16
Q

Give the equation for the production of NO2+ ion

A

HNO3 + H2SO4 –> NO2+ + HSO4- + H2O

17
Q

Give the equation for the reformation of H2SO4 after the nitration

A

HSO4- +H+ –> H2SO4

18
Q

In nucleophilic addition to carbonyls, what are the reagents/conditions?

A

NaBH4 - reducing agent
H2O/ethanol solvent
Gentle heating

19
Q

What is the stoichiometric ratio of carbonyl to [H] in reduction of aldehydes/ketones?

A

1:2
Carbonyl:[H]

20
Q

What is the reason for the temperature when nitrating benzene?

A

> 50 means multiple substitutions.

21
Q

When writing out intermediate in electrophilic substitution, what is the shape of the benzene?

A

‘Smiley Face’ in the ring, as the pi system is incomplete. Remember + in the centre

22
Q

What reactions involve nucleophilic addition?

A

reduction of carbonyls to alcohols

23
Q

Why are both ethanol and water used for nucleophilic addition reactions?

A

everything dissolves in the combined solvent

24
Q

What is the full two step reaction for the production of NO2+ ion in nitration of benzene?

A

H2SO4 + HNO3 –> H2NO3+ + HSO4-
H2NO3+ –> NO2+ + H2O

H2SO4 is stronger acid, so protonates the HNO3

Chemistry (16 decks)

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