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Paper 2 History > Royalist Propaganda and Legitimacy during the Third Civil War > Flashcards

Royalist Propaganda and Legitimacy during the Third Civil War Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Eikon Basilike presented as?

A

The king’s personal reflections and final prayers

Modern scholarship attributes its authorship to John Gauden.

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2
Q

How did the Eikon Basilike depict Charles I?

A

As a Christ-like martyr, sacrificing himself for the sins of his people

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3
Q

What did the Eikon Basilike reinforce about Charles I’s rule?

A

The idea that he was an anointed sovereign, unlawfully overthrown

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4
Q

What was the significance of the Eikon Basilike for Charles II?

A

It portrayed him as a rightful heir to the throne

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5
Q

How many editions of the Eikon Basilike were published in its first year?

A

46 editions

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6
Q

What type of appeal did the Eikon Basilike rely on?

A

Emotional appeal

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7
Q

True or False: The Eikon Basilike was effective in winning wars.

A

False

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8
Q

What was the primary audience for the Eikon Basilike?

A

Those disillusioned with the Commonwealth

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9
Q

What was a limitation of the Eikon Basilike’s portrayal of Charles I?

A

It portrayed him as passive and saintly

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10
Q

What did the Eikon Basilike fail to translate into?

A

Immediate, practical power

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The Eikon Basilike built sympathy, fueled a movement, and undermined the opposition, but it didn’t win _______.

A

wars

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12
Q

How did the Eikon Basilike impact perceptions of the Commonwealth?

A

It made them look like usurpers

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13
Q

What type of arguments did earlier Royalist tracts rely on compared to the Eikon Basilike?

A

Legalistic arguments about divine right

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14
Q

What was the Eikon Basilike’s impact on Royalist sentiment?

A

It succeeded in fostering Royalist sentiment

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15
Q

What was the relationship between the Eikon Basilike and military action regarding Charles II’s restoration?

A

Charles II’s restoration relied on military action and political pragmatism

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16
Q

What significant treaty marked a departure from Royalist rhetoric in the 1640s?

A

The Treaty of Breda (1650)

This treaty was pivotal for Charles II in seeking Scottish support.

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17
Q

What did Charles II agree to accept in order to gain Scottish support?

A

Presbyterianism in Scotland

This acceptance was crucial despite its earlier vilification by Royalist propaganda.

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18
Q

What were the core tenets that Charles II publicly accepted to secure Scottish military backing?

A
  • The National Covenant
  • Presbyterian church governance

Both are essential elements of the Covenanter movement.

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19
Q

How did Charles II’s acceptance of Presbyterianism affect English Royalists?

A

It alienated them

Many viewed Presbyterianism as similar to the Puritanism they had fought against.

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20
Q

What ideological inconsistency arose from Charles II’s acceptance of Presbyterianism?

A

He embraced a system that had executed his father

This contradiction made him appear weak and desperate.

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21
Q

What was Charles I’s stance on Presbyterianism?

A

He resisted it as a fundamental threat to monarchical authority

This was in stark contrast to his son’s later acceptance.

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: Charles II’s public acceptance of Presbyterianism was seen as a means of _______.

A

[reclaiming the throne]

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23
Q

True or False: Charles II’s acceptance of Presbyterianism made him look principled and strong.

A

False

It actually made him appear weak and unprincipled.

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24
Q

What was the Second Ormond Agreement?

A

An alliance between Charles II and the Irish Confederates in 1649

This agreement involved many Catholic forces.

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25
Who were the Irish Confederates?
A group of Irish Royalists, many of whom were Catholic ## Footnote They sought to unify under Charles II.
26
What challenge did the alliance with Irish Catholics pose for Royalists?
It contradicted their portrayal as defenders of Protestantism ## Footnote Royalists were seen as opposing Puritan radicalism.
27
What was a significant consequence of Charles II negotiating with Catholic forces?
It created anxieties among Protestant Royalists in England and Scotland ## Footnote This was particularly relevant after the regicide of Charles I.
28
Why was the alliance with the Irish Confederates considered a political necessity?
Cromwell's invasion and the execution of Charles I left Irish Royalists in need of a unifying figure ## Footnote They faced dire circumstances after these events.
29
How did the Irish alliance affect Parliamentarian propaganda?
It reinforced the idea that Royalism was tied to Catholic absolutism ## Footnote This was a long-standing narrative against Royalists.
30
What did the Irish alliance suggest about Charles II's claims to Protestant legitimacy?
That his claims were conditional rather than sincere ## Footnote This further undermined Royalist unity.
31
What crisis did Charles II's shifting allegiances create for English Royalists?
A crisis of confidence
32
How did Charles II's rhetorical accommodations affect his base?
Sowed confusion and division
33
What religious affiliation did many English Royalists remain committed to?
Anglican Church
34
What did English Royalists perceive Charles's acceptance of Presbyterianism as?
A betrayal
35
What fears were reinforced by Charles II's alliance with Irish Catholics?
Fears of religious toleration or Catholic favoritism
36
How did Charles II and his supporters attempt to frame his compromises?
As temporary, tactical moves
37
What was inherently unstable about Charles II's messaging?
It was not an ideological commitment
38
How did Charles II's approach differ from that of his father?
Charles II appeared flexible and pragmatic
39
What accusation was Charles II vulnerable to due to his approach?
That he was more concerned with regaining power than with a coherent ideological position
40
What is the main historiographical debate regarding Charles II's rhetorical adaptability?
Whether it was a strength or a weakness
41
Who sees Charles II's shifting rhetoric as a necessary adaptation to political reality?
Mark Kishlansky
42
According to Mark Kishlansky, what did Charles II understand about rigid ideological commitments?
They could not secure his return to power
43
What stance did Charles I take that led to his execution?
Absolutist stance
44
What was the outcome of Charles II's approach compared to his father's?
Charles II survived and was ultimately restored
45
Who argues that Charles II's rhetorical inconsistencies weakened Royalist legitimacy?
Blair Worden and others
46
What was the perception of Charles II's willingness to shift his rhetoric?
He seemed unprincipled and untrustworthy
47
What did Charles II's reputation foreshadow after the Restoration?
Cynical realpolitik
48
Fill in the blank: Charles II's rhetorical adaptability is debated as either _______ or opportunism.
[pragmatism]
49
What was the primary reason for Charles II’s changing rhetoric?
Response to the fragmented political landscape ## Footnote The changing rhetoric was a strategy to maintain alliances and keep the Royalist cause alive.
50
What was a consequence of Charles II’s adaptability in politics?
Deepened ideological fractures within his own camp ## Footnote This adaptability came at a cost to his political reputation.
51
How was Charles I's death framed in relation to the Royalist cause?
Martyrdom for the cause of divine right and Anglican monarchy ## Footnote This framing contrasted sharply with Charles II's need for compromise.
52
What did Charles II's survival require?
Willingness to compromise ## Footnote This flexibility was essential for his restoration in 1660.
53
What was the outcome of Charles II's flexibility in politics?
Restoration in 1660 but marked by suspicion and mistrust ## Footnote His political reputation suffered due to the compromises he made.
54
What were the three factors explaining the struggle of Royalist pamphlets to gain traction?
* Republican Counter-Propaganda and the Disruption of the Martyr-King Narrative * Censorship, Smuggling, and the Structural Disadvantage of Royalist Print Culture * The Problem of Public Sentiment and War Fatigue ## Footnote These factors highlight the challenges faced by Royalists in influencing public opinion.
55
Fill in the blank: The Royalists engaged in an aggressive pamphlet war against the _______.
Commonwealth ## Footnote This indicates the opposing political factions during the conflict.
56
True or False: The Royalist pamphlets gained more traction than their earlier efforts.
False ## Footnote The text indicates that Royalist writings struggled to gain traction.
57
Who is a notable Commonwealth writer that challenged Royalist narratives?
John Milton
58
What work did John Milton publish in 1649 that refuted the martyr-king image of Charles I?
Eikonoklastes
59
How did Milton portray Charles I in his work?
As a deceitful tyrant
60
What justification did Milton provide for Charles I's execution?
A necessary act of divine and political justice
61
What type of imagery did Milton appropriate to argue his points?
Religious and classical republican imagery
62
What was the main argument of Royalist pamphlets?
Emotional appeals to divine right and royal suffering
63
Why did Royalist arguments lose persuasive power after Charles I's military failures?
Due to political missteps and military failures
64
What intellectual advantage did Republican writers have over Royalists?
Engaged directly with broader constitutional and religious debates
65
Fill in the blank: Milton's work appropriated _______ imagery to argue for Charles's execution.
[religious and classical republican]
66
True or False: Royalist publications were able to effectively redefine the political narrative in their favor.
False
67
What strict laws affected Royalist publications during the Commonwealth?
Censorship laws ## Footnote These laws restricted the publication and distribution of Royalist materials within England.
68
Where were Royalist publications often printed due to censorship?
Abroad, particularly in the Netherlands ## Footnote This was a common practice to circumvent strict censorship.
69
What was the consequence of smuggling Royalist publications into England?
Limited quantity and reach of Royalist publications ## Footnote Smuggling restricted the distribution compared to Parliamentarian works.
70
How did the circulation of Royalist writings compare to Parliamentarian works?
Diminished reach compared to a steady stream of Republican pamphlets ## Footnote Parliamentarian works were more widely circulated.
71
What effect did the need for Royalist writers to operate in exile have?
Led to delays in their response to unfolding events ## Footnote This weakened their ability to shape immediate public perceptions.
72
Fill in the blank: The reliance on clandestine distribution networks greatly limited the _______ of Royalist publications.
quantity and reach
73
True or False: Royalist writers had a stronger immediate impact on public perceptions than Parliamentarian writers.
False ## Footnote Royalist writers' effectiveness was diminished due to censorship and exile.
74
What sentiment dominated England by the early 1650s?
War-weariness ## Footnote Many sympathised with Charles I’s fate but were reluctant for renewed conflict.
75
What was the primary effect of the Civil Wars on public sentiment?
Devastation and reluctance for renewed conflict
76
Which publications continued to denounce the Commonwealth?
Royalist publications, especially newspapers like Mercurius Elencticus
77
How did the Commonwealth project itself during this period?
As a stabilizing force
78
What risk did the absolutist rhetoric of some Royalist writers pose?
Alienating moderate sympathizers
79
What was a common characteristic of Royalist pamphlets during this time?
Refusal to acknowledge the need for political compromise
80
Who argued that Royalist absolutist rhetoric risked alienating moderates?
Historian Tim Harris
81
Fill in the blank: By the early 1650s, there was little appetite for _______.
renewed conflict
82
True or False: Many who had supported the Royalist cause were eager for renewed conflict.
False
83
What audience did Royalist pamphlets often appeal to?
An increasingly narrow audience of hardline Royalists

Paper 2 History (34 decks)

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