The Instrument of Government Flashcards
What was the Instrument of Government?
Britain’s first written constitution introduced on 16 December 1653
When was the Instrument of Government introduced?
16 December 1653
What was the purpose of the Instrument of Government?
To provide a stable political framework for the English Commonwealth
What historical events preceded the establishment of the Instrument of Government?
The execution of Charles I and the failure of the Rump Parliament and the Nominated Assembly
Who primarily drafted the Instrument of Government?
Major-General John Lambert
Who issued the Instrument of Government?
The Army Council
What did the Instrument of Government reflect?
The army’s political priorities and an attempt at constitutional experimentation
Was the Instrument of Government effective?
Its effectiveness was limited by political opposition and Cromwell’s governance style
Did the Instrument of Government provide a lasting settlement?
No, it proved inadequate as a lasting settlement
What was the primary role of the Lord Protector?
Executive authority, responsible for foreign policy and military control
The Lord Protector’s role was granted to Oliver Cromwell for life and made elective upon his death.
What checks were placed on the power of the Lord Protector?
Required Council of State approval for major decisions and could not dissolve Parliament without cause
This ensured that his executive authority was not absolute.
What was the composition and function of the Council of State?
Up to 21 members responsible for administration, finance, and military oversight
The Council acted as an advisory body to the Lord Protector.
How were members of the Council of State chosen?
Chosen by the Protector and approved by Parliament
This reinforced the mixed government structure.
What was the structure of Parliament under the Instrument?
Single-chamber Parliament with 400 MPs for England and Wales, and 30 each for Scotland and Ireland
This was a significant innovation, granting parliamentary representation to Scotland and Ireland for the first time.
How often was Parliament required to meet?
At least once every five years for a minimum of five months
This was to ensure regular governance and representation.
What changes were made to the electoral franchise?
Extended to include members of the emergent middle class
This reduced aristocratic dominance while remaining property-based.
What did the Religious Settlement guarantee?
Liberty of conscience for all Protestant groups, except Roman Catholics and extreme sectarians
This reflected Cromwell’s belief in broad Protestant toleration.
What was Cromwell’s stance towards Roman Catholics?
Hostile, as he associated them with Royalist conspiracy
This influenced the exclusion of Catholics from the Religious Settlement.
What were the provisions for the standing army?
10,000 cavalry, 20,000 infantry, and a ‘convenient’ number of naval forces
This reflected the army’s dominance in government.
What was the annual budget allocated to the Lord Protector?
£200,000 for the administration of justice
This ensured financial resources for governance.
