Routing Flashcards
Routers
Used to forward traffic between subnets, between an internal and external
network, or between two external networks
o Each subnet or external network is going to be its own broadcast domain
o Multilayer switches also perform routing functions
▪ Switch
● Layer 2 Switch
▪ Multilayer Switch
● Router
Routing Fundamentals
o Traffic is routed to flow between subnets
o Each subnet is its own broadcast domain
o Routers are the layer 3 devices that separate broadcast domains, but multilayer
switches can also separate broadcast domains
Routing Decisions
Layer 3 to Layer 2 Mapping
● Routers use ARP caches to map an IP address to a given MAC
address
▪ Make packet-forwarding decisions based on its internal routing tables
Routing Tables
▪ Table kept by the router to help determine which route entry is the best
fit for the network
▪ A route entry with the longest prefix is the most specific network
▪ 10.1.1.0/24 more specific than 10.0.0.0/8
Sources of Routing Information
▪ Directly Connected Routes
● Learned by physical connection between routers
▪ Static Routes
● Manually configured by an administrator
● Default static route (0.0.0.0/0) is a special case
o “If I don’t know where, then send out default static route.”
▪ Dynamic Routing Protocols
● Learned by exchanging information between routers
Dynamic Routing Protocols
▪ More than one route can exist for a network
▪ Different protocols consider different criteria when deciding which route
to give preference
▪ Based on number of hops (hop count in RIP), link bandwidths (OSPF), or
other criteria
Preventing Routing Loops
▪ Split horizon
● Prevents a route learned on one interface from being advertised
back out of that same interface
▪ Poison reverse
● Causes a route received on one interface to be advertised back
out of that same interface with a metric considered to be infinite
Routing Protocols
o Internal and Exterior Routing Protocols
▪ Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
● Operate within an autonomous system
▪ Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
● Operated between autonomous systems
o Router Advertisement Method
▪ Characteristic of a routing protocol
▪ How does it receive, advertise, and store routing information?
● Distance vector
● Link state
▪ Not every routing protocol fits neatly into one of these two categories
(hybrids exist)
Distance Vector
▪ Sends full copy of routing table
to its directly connected
neighbors at regular intervals
▪ Slow convergence time
● Time it takes for all
routers to update their
routing tables in
response to a topology
change
▪ Holding-down timers speeds up convergence
● Prevents updates for a specific period of time
▪ Uses hop count as a metric
Link State
▪ Requires all routers to know about the paths that all other routers can
reach in the network
▪ Information is flooded throughout the link-state domain (OSPF or IS-IS) to
ensure routers have synchronized information
▪ Faster convergence time and uses cost or other factors as a metric
▪ Each router constructs its own relative shortest-path tree with itself as
the root for all known routes in the network
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
▪ Interior Gateway Protocol
▪ Distance-vector protocol using hop count
▪ Maximum hops of 15, 16 is infinite
▪ Oldest dynamic routing protocol, provides updates every 30 seconds
▪ Easy to configure and runs over UDP
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
▪ Interior Gateway Protocol
▪ Link-state protocol using cost
▪ Cost is based on link speed between routers
Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS)
▪ Interior Gateway Protocol
▪ Link-state protocol using cost
▪ Cost is based on link speed between two routers
▪ Functions like OSPF protocol, but not as popular or widely utilized
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
▪ Interior Gateway Protocol
▪ Advanced distance-vector protocol using bandwidth and delay making it
a hybrid of distance-vector and link-state
▪ Proprietary Cisco protocol that is popular in Cisco-only networks