Roseberry Round 2 Flashcards
children begin ________ language at birth as they _______ with their caregivers.
developing, interact
Children from _______ and ________ diverse backgrounds are exposed to _______ experiences. This diversity creates the concepts to which children attach ______ or words.
cuturally, linguistically,symbols.
THE ROLE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Development of language rests upon several major variables that interact with one another
- The child’s cultural and linguistic environment is a big influence upon language learning
- Each child has unique characteristics that she brings to the language learning situation
for a child to develop language optimally..
- she needs language stimulation from her environment.
- in many cultures, adult interaction with infants and young children differs from mainstream U.S. expectations.
Most American mothers use ________. high pitch, ______ sentences, _______ pauses, ________
motherese,shorter, longer, repetition.
Other cultures (e.g. Native American) are …
silent with their infants; children may also not be read to.
Theories of Language acquisition
Behaviorist Theory
- BF skinner
- explains acquisition of verbal behavior
- breaks down verbal language into mands, tacts, and echoics
- verbal behaviors are learned under appropriate conditions of stimulation, response, and reinforcement.
imitative verbal responses whose stimuli are the speech of another person.
- in therapy, SLP models target responses; ch echos or imitates
- children reinforced for doing this
echoics
requests
-we motivate children to request things
mands
group of verbal responses that describe, comment on things around us.
-socially reinforced by social behaviors such as nods, smiles of approval,etc.
tacts
select specific target responses, create appropriate antecedent events, and reinforce correct responses
-clearly established criterion for success
in therapy, clinicians who use principles of the behaviorist theory.
- SLP focuses on measurable, observable behavior.
- drill focuses on discrete, isolated aspects of language
- SLP focuses on measurable, observable behavior.
- drill focuses on discrete, isolated aspects of language
Jean Piaget
Emphasizes cognition, or knowledge and mental processes
Language acquisition is made possible by cognition and general intellectual processes
Two forms: strong cognition hypothesis and weak cognition hypothesis
cognitive theory
Cognitive abilities are prerequisites to language skills
Language will absolutely not develop without these cognitive abilities
Strong cognition hypothesis
cognition can account for some of a childrens language abilitities, but not all.
weak cognition hypothesis
sensorimotor (birth-2 years)
- means ends behavior
- symbolic play(one thing stands for something else)
- object permanence (if you hide an object, child will keep looking cuz they know its there)
- first word, 12 months of age
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
- concreteness of thought
- children are egocentric; difficulty taking othperspective
- overextensions and underextensions occur
Preoperational 2-7
Acquires conservation and classification skills
Child less egocentric, has ability to see others’ points of view
concrete operations (7-11)
increased ability to see others’ points of view
- can think and speak in the abstract
- fluidly uses verbal reasoning and if-then statements
formal operations (over 11 years)
if cognitive development is sufficient for language development, language therapy is unnecessary.
-cognitive growth will automatically facilitate language growth.
clinical implications of the cognitive theory
If cognitive skills are low, why bother with language therapy? It won’t help, because the foundation (cognition) is not there
Thus, children with (low) cognitive skills that are commensurate with their (low) language skills are denied therapy
Clinicians must assess and treat cognitive precursors to language and facilitate development of these precursors before working on language itself
So, with a very young child, you would work on symbolic play and object permanence before you tried to have a child say her first word
Noam Chomsky
All children are born with a Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
This is a specialized processor that is a physiological part of the brain
–Children have an innate capacity to acquire language
Nativist theory
reading, writing, speaking and listening, language
english language arts
the ______ theory believes that children will talk, even if environmental conditions are not favorable
-not true
Huit et al 2015, nativist
- language competence-innate
- language performance-what we actually see
- surface structure-phrase or sentence you actually hear
- deep structure-holds rules of sentence formulation
chomsky introduced concepts of
phrase or sentence you actually hear
surface structure
holds rules of sentence formulation
deep structure
in therapy, focus heavily on syntax
- reinforcement unnecessary
- language is innate; so is walking we dont reinforce a child for walking and dont reinforce for talking.
clinical implications of the nativist theory are scant:
nativist theory does not account for children’s environments or interactions with caregivers.
-chomsky’s work-theoretical level; not based on listening to what children do when they learn language.
drawbacks
-concerned with how language is learned.
Focus;steps involved in processing information
-steps: memory, attention, organization.
-long and short term memory especially important
information processing theory
Concerned with processes involved in a child’s ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language
These include word rhyming, syllabication, etc.
phonological processing
- Child’s ability to perceive the brief acoustic events that make up speech sounds and track changes in these events as they happen quickly in the speech of other people
- Child’s capacity for and speed of processing
- Children with problems can’t remember and repeat back digit strings, lists of real or nonsense words, etc.—esp. if fast
temporal auditory processing
- When a child enters kindergarten, she should have solid auditory-oral skills
- These are strongly related to learning to read and write
- A child’s emergent literacy skills or preliteracy skills are foundational to later reading and writing in school
Education, language, and literacy in the School-Age Years
- create globally competitive citizens in the 21st century.
- prepare students for college.
- create critical readers who read deeply
- help students become responsible citizens who use evidence for deliberation.
Common core state standards 4 major goals
drill focuses on _____,isolated aspects of _____
drill focuses on discrete isolated aspects of language
SLP focuses on ______ and measurable behavior
observable
children go from learning to read and write to reading and writing to learn.
grades 4-6
by ___grade, children should understand about 50,000 words.
6th
children with language impairments often ID
grades 4-6
children begin ___ grade with a spoken vocab of 6,000 words.
1st
by ___ grade. learn 36,000 more words.
12
students must learn 3,000 words per year by ___ grade
3rd
- positive impacts on both social and academic skills.
- children especially learn to engage in more child to child interactions
- teachers increase time for small group activities
all day kindergarten.
