Roseberry KO Flashcards
why is all of the information about child language development important?
because we need to recognize typical and atypical behavior so we can intervene as early as possible in children’s lives.
communication
the process of sending and receiving messages that serve to transmit information that between persons or groups.
communicative competence
occurs when speakers effectively influence their listeners behaviors
most human interactions…
have an underlying agenda
Nonverbal communication
- does not rely on use of words.
- conveys ideas through other behaviors
- eye contact, facial expression
verbal communication
- involves the use of words to exchange ideas
- auditory-oral-spoken language
- visual-graphic-written, pictures, gestures (gestures that are systematic sign language
Extralinguistic Aspects of verbal communication
prosody-melody, stress, rhythm, intonation
proxemics-use of interpersonal space in communication
Speech
-physical production of sounds to communicate meaning through neuromuscular control of the structures of the vocal tract.
involves articulation, voice resonation, and fluency
phonology
- study of the sound systems of a language
- we have the IPA
- english orthorgraphy is problematic
linguistics
study of language
sociolinguistics
-attempts to describe language variations based on social and cultural variables
Developmental linguistics
-attempts to describe the nature of emerging language in children’s language acquisition
Language
-the system of arbitrary verbal symbols that speakers put in order according to a conventional code to communicate ideas and feelings or to influence the behavior of others
expressive language
-production, expression,encoding
-speaking and/or writing
symbols on an AAC communication or Ipad.
Receptive Language
- comprehension, decoding, and reception
- listening and/or reading
linguistic competence
- refers to our hypothetical, unconscious linguistic ability
- represents speakers’ idealized, underlying knowledge of their language
linguistic performance
- refers to a speaker’s production of linguistic units
- influenced by limitations such as fatigue, memory lapses, distractions, illness, etc.
Semantics
-study of meaning
-lexicon: all morphemes a speaker knows (free and bound)
Vocabulary: collection of words learned by someone
Semantic involves
Word knowledge:ability to define a word verbally
World knowledge-actual physical experience with something
Paul and Norbury 2012
language impaired children-small vocabularies
- use many nonspecific words like “thing” and “stuff”
- word retrieval problems
word relations in semantics
antonyms
- binary antonyms-no middle ground (alive vs. dead)
- gradable antonyms:represent 2 different points on a continuum (attractive vs homely)
In therapy for LI (language impaired) students
-teach synonyms-take a word they know and give them a more sophisticated way to say it.
-tired=fatigued
movie star=celebrity
tasty=delicious
fancy nancy app
Semantics also involves a child’s knowledge of
words with multiple meanings (rock, pound)
- deictic words whose referents change depending on who is speaking (this that, there, here)
- categories-mental constructs that allow a child to group similar words together.
The new Common core state standards
Really emphasize knowledge of words with ________ meanings.
multiple.
Pragmatics
- practical use of language in social interaction
- focuses on the speaker’s achieving a practical outcome through using language as a tool.
Speaker and listener roles differ due to social context
social context-roles assumed by individual speakers.
- how informal or formal the situation is.
- we base our conversations on the status of interlocators.
Justice and Redle 2014 state that…
- Children need to develop ability to switch, register, or variety of speech appropriate to a particular situation.
- ability to switch among registers-code switching.
2 types of speech acts
-Indirect:implies several possible interpretations.
-discourse is a conversation
Direct Speech Act-only has one interpretation
“please pass the butter”
discourse
conversation: extended verbal exchange on some topic
discourse involves
- topic initiation
- topic maintenance
- turn taking
- repairs (restating when someone doesn’t understand)
Discourse also involves
cooperation principle
- appropriate quanitity of information
- relevant to topic
- truthful
- delivered in a clear, understandable manner
Morphology
- the study of minimal, meaningful units of language
- morphemes are the smallest elements of language that early morning
- free morphemes stand alone
- bound morphemes must be attached to free morphemes to carry meaning -ing, -er, -ed,-s
Types of Free Morphemes
Grammatical morphemes/function words: is , the of, and a, but (kids with language impairment don’t say them)
-lexical morphemes/content words: words that carry the “meat”
For example: cloud, university, taco, student, Harry potter, run, walk, write, funny, crazy, blue
Types of Bound Morphemes
Inflectional :alter the meaning of the free morpheme to which they are attached without deriving a new grammatical category
-usually these are suffixes (p.27) such as plural -s, possesive -s, past tense -ed, etc.
Derivational Morphemes
-Change the grammatical class of the free morpheme to which they are attached.
Thoughtful (adj.)=>thoughtfully (adv.)
calculate (verb)=>calculation (noun)
In Teacher’s language
Inflectional morphemes appear before derivational morphemes
The new common core state standards
Really emphasize morphological _________ skills.
selfless
Syntax
- Definition
Specifies rules for sequencing or ordering words to form phrases and sentences
Deals with rules for word order in a language
declarative, imperative.
-Declarative: affirmative statement.
“This class is the bomb.”
-imperative: omits subject of sentence, sounds commanding.
“call this class the bomb.”
Exclamatory, Passive, Interrogative, Negative
exclamation points !!! This class is amazing!! Can't wait for vacation!! -Passive=subject of sentence is being acted upon. "This class is called the bomb by the students." -interrogative=forms a question "is this class the bomb?". Negative=contradicts an assertion. "this class is not the bomb."
McCormack et al., 2011 “A nationally representative study of the association between communication impairment at 4-5 years and children’s life activities” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 54, 1328-1348.
- Australian longitudinal study of 4, 329 children
- Children identified with communication impairments at 4-5 years performed significantly more poorly than typically developing children when they were 7-9 years on all language measures.
Hayiou-Thomas, Dale, & Plomin (2014) Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (June issue)
Longitudinal study of 2,923 twin pairs in the United Kingdom
Questions: 1) Were parent referrals accurate? And 2) did language problems at age 4 predict language problems at age 12?
Findings of Hayiou-Thomas et al.
- Parents of young children more concerned about speech than language.
- Children with language problems at age 4 had problems at 12 years of age.
Our job as SLPs
is to help children develop their language to its fullest potential.
