Romanov Rule after 1905 Flashcards
What did Leo Tolstoy write?
War and Peace - talks about disparity of wealth and life
What were causes of the 1905 revolution ? (3 bullet points)
•Religious persecution
•Unlawful arrests and killings
•Peasants are getting poorer
When was the Russo-Japanese War?
1904-1905
Why was Japan more powerful than Russia?
It had a better trained army & navy and more effective intelligence
When did Port Arthur fall to the Japanese?
January 1905
When was the Russian army defeated at Mukden?
March 1905
When was the Russian Baltic Fleet defeated at the Tsushima Straight?
May 1905 within an hour
What were a few issues of the Russo-Japanese war ? (3 Bullet Points)
•Japan’s militaristic culture
•Lack of communication
•£30,000 payment to the British for loaned ships being destroyed
What was wrong with the hierarchy of the army in 1905?
There were 12 levels and only the Tsar could appoint the Top 3
What were the demands of the workers ? (3 bullet points)
•8 hour working days
•minimum wage of a rouble a day
•democracy and end to suffering and war
When was Bloody Sunday ?
9 January 1905
What were the initial events of Bloody Sunday?
A crowd of 50,000~100,000 wanted to confront the Tsar at the Winter Palace
What happened at the climax of Bloody Sunday?
Troops shot at the crowd approaching and there were approximately 130 killed and 300 wounded
What did the workers do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?
400,000 broke out in strike in St Petersburg and strikes begun in other countries
What did the peasants do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?
Initially nothing but in March they killed their landowners and stole wealth and kidnapped wives and children
What did the minorities do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?
There were uprisings in Poland and Latvia where workers clashed with armed forces
What did the middle classes do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?
A national congress of Zemstvo was formed to create reform
What did the soldiers do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?
•Kronstadt sailors formed a mutiny and sparked further strikes
•On 14 June mutineers took over the Battleship Potemkim and joined striking workers in Odessa
Who led the National Zemstvo Congress?
Georgie Lvov
When was the Union of Unions formed ?
May 1905
What was the peace treaty between Russia and Japan called ?
Treaty of Portsmouth
Who was in charge in negotiating peace between Japan and Russia ?
Sergei Witte
Who pressured Nicholas into making the August Manifesto?
Sergei Witte
What was included in the August Manifesto ?
•A consultative Duma would be set up to discuss issues
•A voting system favouring peasants and upper class
What is the issue of favouring peasants in the voting process?
They are no longer pro-Tsarist and the Duma is likely to be radicalised
When did the railway workers strike occur ?
September 1905
What happened on the railway workers strike ?
It caused chaos leading to a general strike of 4.5 million and all opposition group united
When was the St Petersburg Soviet set up ?
13th October 1905
What was the St Petersburg Soviet made up of?
562 representatives from 147 factories , 34 shops and 16 trade unions each member represented 500 people
What was the Executive of the Petrograd Soviet made up of ?
30 members from the Mensheviks, Bolsheviks and SRs
Who were the leaders of the St Petersburg Soviet?
Chairman: Nosar
Deputy: Trotsky
How many soviets appeared in Russia after the 1905 revolution?
50 soviets
What was the strength of Soviets ?
Refusal to work with other bodies like Union of Unions and was an organisation for solely the working class
What was included in the October Manifesto ?
•A legislative Duma was set up
•Freedom of speech and censorship relaxed
•Trade Unions legalised
What were the changes made to peasants mortgage repayments throughout 1905-1907?
October Manifesto - they have been reduced
Jan 1907 - they have been abolished
What groups did the October Manifesto favour/not favour ?
Favour: Appeal to minorities, liberal groups, peasants
Didn’t Favour: Revolutionary groups and Soviets
Who were the Octobrists ?
A group to ensure the October Manifesto is held up and wanted a Tsar with limited power
Who led the Octobrists ?
Chairman: Guchkov
Deputy: Rodzianko
Who were the Kadets ?
Wanted to develop on top of the October Manifesto and wants to see an elected national assembly as well as developed basic rights
When were the Kadets formed ?
12-18 October 1905
Who led the Kadets ?
Pavel Milyukov
When was the St Petersburg Soviet stormed and what happened?
3rd December 1905 - Trotsky and Nosar were arrested and later sentenced to exile in Siberia
What was the spark for the Moscow Soviet Uprising ?
3 December 1905 - 150 representatives shelled by the army
When did the SRs bomb the Okhrana HQ in Moscow ?
10th December 1905
When was the Head of the Okhrana assassinated ?
15th December 1905
When and why was the Moscow Soviet Uprising cancelled ?
18th December 1905 - The Semyoonisky regiment arrived
When did Prince Lvov join the Kadets?
1905
How many members did the Kadets have in 1906?
100,000 - primarily nobility and intellectuals
How many members did the Octobrists have in 1906?
20,000 - landowners and businessmen
Who were the Union of Russian people?
300,000 people against jews and led Russian fascists
Who led the Union of Russian people?
Dubrovnin
How many pogroms were led by the Union of Russian people?
690
How many SDs were imprisoned or exiled between 1905-1909?
39,000
How many SDs were sentenced to death between 1905-1909?
3000
What percentage of political support did the SDs make up by 1910?
10%
How many peasants were killed and exiled by the Cossacks between Oct1905-Apr1906?
15,000 executed and 45,000 exiled
When were the Fundamental Laws passed?
23rd April 1906
What article allowed the Tsar to rule by emergency decree?
Article 87
What could the Tsar do to the Duma according to the Fundamental Laws?
Dissolve it at any time
What new body was created by the Fundamental Laws?
Imperial State Council - Tsar chose 50% of members and it could block the Dumas decision
Who was able to vote for the Duma?
Men over 25
Where was the meeting of the Duma held?
Tauride Palace
How many Kadets got into the First Duma?
182
How many Octobrists got into the First Duma?
17
How many SDs got into the First Duma?
42
How many SRs/Labourists into the First Duma?
136
When was the Vyborg Appeal?
22 July 1906
When was the First Duma dissolved?
21 July 1906
What was included in the Vyborg Appeal?
They asked people disobey the Tsar and refuse to pay tax
Who wrote up the Vyborg Appeal?
200 Kadets and Labourists
When was Stolypin appointed as Prime Minister?
April 1906
How were the Vyborg group punished?
Banned from standing for re-election and many were arrested
How many Kadets got into the Second Duma?
91 - decrease
How many Octobrists got into the Second Duma?
42 - increase
How many SDs got into the Second Duma?
47 - small increase
How many SRs/Labourists into the Second Duma?
104 Labourists and 37 SRs - shift
When was the First Duma in session?
April 1906 - July 1906
When was the Second Duma in session?
February 1907 - June 1907
What word can be used to categorise the Second Duma?
Polarised
Why was the Second Duma dissolved?
It was impossible to get through reform as one half saw it as too radical and the other half saw it as too liberal
When was Stolypin appointed Governor of Saratov?
1903
What was Stolypin’s first title?
Marshal of the Konvo Nobility
When was Stolypin appointed to Minister of Interior?
April 1906
When was Stolypin appointed to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?
July 1906
When was Stolypin assassinated?
September 1911
What did Stolypin specialise in?
Controlling peasants and crushing their uprisings
What were Stolypin’s two objectives?
•To feed the population
•To create a strong conservative peasantry
How many did Interior Minister Durnovo kill, wound and exile in late 1905?
15,000 died ,20,000 wounded and 45,000 exiled to Siberia
When did Interior Minister Durnovo claim a state of emergency in all of Russia?
August 1906
How many people did Durnovo sentence to death between 1906-1907?
Over 1000 people
Where was Lenin sentenced ?
Finland
Where was Trotsky sentenced ?
Siberia
What percentage of peasants households were still village communes in 1914?
80%
By 1914 what percentage of village communes owned land?
20%
How many peasants left for Siberia between 1906-1913?
3.5 million peasants
What was the schooling related bill Stolypin introduced?
4 years of schooling from 8
What dissolved the second Duma ?
3rd June Decree
When did the 3rd Duma first assemble ?
November 1907
How many seats did pro-government parties control in the Third Duma?
287 out of 443
What was the nickname given to the Third Duma ?
Duma of Lords and Lackeys
When was the Third Duma dissolved?
June 1912
How many Octobrists got into the Third Duma?
154 - increase
How many Rightists got into the Third Duma?
147 - increase
How many Kadets got into the Third Duma?
54 - decrease
What bills was Stolypin able to put through in the Third Duma?
*Land reforms
*Modernising the army
*National health insurance to cover accidents and illness
Who was president of the Third Duma?
Guchkov
When was The Naval Staff General Bill?
1909
What did The Naval Staff General Bill include?
Transfers powers of the navy from the court to the Ministry of War
What controversy did The Naval Staff General Bill cause?
Created a divide between the conservative members who refused the bill and Stolypin who supported the bill
Who did Stolypin become reliant on after being abandoned by the gentry?
Nationalists particularly Poland
What did the West Zemstvo Bill suggest?
A more complex voting procedure including both nationality and property
Why did the Western Zemstvo Bill get passed even after the ISC shut it down?
Stolypin threatened to resign if the Tsar did not pass it via Article 87
When was Stolypin assassinated ?
1st September 1911
How did Stolypin benefit the relationship between the Tsar and Duma?
It created a common enemy
When did the Fourth Duma first meet?
February 1912
How many Rightists got into the Fourth Duma?
154 - minor increase
How many Octobrists got into the Fourth Duma?
126 - decrease
How many Leftists got into the Fourth Duma?
152
What were the issues with the Fourth Duma?
•The aims became unclear due to more independents
•Completely divided
Who was Head of the Fourth Duma?
Rodzianko
Why was the Fourth Duma dissolved?
WW1 began
What was the Lena Gold Mining Company?
A monopoly of mining and exports allowing for large profits
Which two figures were investors in the Lena Gold Mining Company?
Sergei Witte and Putilov
Why were the working conditions so bad in the Lena Gold Mining Company?
•Pay would be deducted if accidents occurred
•Paid in coupons
What was the accident rate in the Lena Goldfield Company?
70% of workers had an accident
When did a general strike erupt in the Lena Fold Mining Company?
13 March 1912
What were the demands of the Lena Gold Mining Company strike?
8 hour working day, 30% raise in wages, elimination of deductions and improvement in food
When did the Lena Gold Fields Massacre occur?
17 April 1912
Why did the Lena Gold Fields Massacre occur?
After strikers were arrested 2,500 workers went to complain and soldiers began shooting at them
How many were killed and wounded in the Lena Gold Fields Massacre ?
180 died and 240 wounded
What were the consequences of the Lena Gold Fields Massacre ?
A wave of strikes and protests
How many strikers and strikes occurred in April 1912?
300,000 strikers and 700 strikes
How many people abandoned the Lena Gold Fields?
9,000 employees
How many strikes occurred in 1905, 1910 and 1912?
1905 - 14,000
1910 - 222
1912 - 1,918
Between 1912-1914 how many workers were involved in how many strikes?
3 million were involved in 9000 strikes
When was the Bolshevik newspaper “Pravda” established ?
1912
How many copies of Pravda were printed a day for trade unions?
40,000
What were the literacy rates in 1897 and 1914?
1897 - 24%
1914 - 40%
How many industrial workers were there in 1897 and 1914?
1897 - 7 million
1914 - 28 million
How large was the Russian army in 1914?
1,400,000 but could mobilise a 5,000,000 conscript
What was the Russian population in 1897 and 1914?
1897 - 100 million
1914 - 120 million
How many men to one gun were there in 1914 and 1916?
1914 - 6 men to 1 gun
1916 - 12 men to 1 gun
When was Archduke Fran Ferdinand assassinated ?
28th June 1914
How were Kaiser Wilhelm II and Nicholas II related ?
Cousins
What were the Willy-Nicky Exchanges?
A series of telegrams between Nicholas and Kaiser Wilhelm hoping Russo-German conflict could be avoided
When did Germany declare war on Russia?
1st August 1914
What were the problems of peasants being conscripted?
Less food being produced so workers often returned back to their fields
What were the strengths of the Russian army?
Very large and modernised after the Russo-Japanese war
What were the weaknesses of the Russian army?
•Generals had positions due to nepotism
•Unfit, uneducated and unmotivated
What three bodies had control over the Russian Army?
Supreme Headquarters
War Ministry
Front Command
What did the generals nickname their soldiers?
Tyi - animals/objects
What did Zhilinsky promise to France?
8,000,000 Russian troops
When was the Battle of Tannenburg?
26-30 August 1914
What were the problems with the Battle of Tannenburg?
Both Russian armies wanted recognition so they refused to work together
Who were the generals in charge of the Battle of Tannenburg?
Samsanov and Rennenkampf
What were the consequences of the Battle of Tannenburg?
•Samsanov killed himself
•Rennenkampf lost 125,000men and 150 artillery to Germany’s 40,000 men
What was The Great Retreat?
Russian forces were drawn out of East Prussia, Poland and Lithuania
How many men were killed and taken prisoner in the Great Retreat?
1 million men killed or wounded
1 million men taken prisoner
When and what was the Brussels offensive?
1916 - Russia attempted to attack Austria-Hungary but Germany then intercepted
What shortages did Russia have?
Ammunition, Food, Clothing, Medical Care and Soldiers
What were the minimum working hours during the war?
11 hours
What nationality was Nicholas II’s wife Alexandra?
German
Who was Rasputin?
A Siberian peasant who Alexandra idolised however was extremely unpopular with the population
When was Rasputin assassinated and why?
1916 - a group wanted to cleanse the monarchy
Between 1916 - 1917 what happened to purchasing power?
It fell by half
What happened to rent throughout 1916 - 1917?
It trebled
During 1916 how many working days were lost in Petrograd and why?
750,000 due to strike action
Why was the war effort so low?
There was a lack of a Russian identity
Out of 15 million soldiers how many were killed between 1914 - 1917?
2 million
Out of 15 million soldiers how many were injured and taken prisoner between 1914 - 1917?
5 million
Why were the peasants reliant on inferior animals during war time?
The army took the best horses
