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Romanov Rule after 1905 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Leo Tolstoy write?

A

War and Peace - talks about disparity of wealth and life

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2
Q

What were causes of the 1905 revolution ? (3 bullet points)

A

•Religious persecution
•Unlawful arrests and killings
•Peasants are getting poorer

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3
Q

When was the Russo-Japanese War?

A

1904-1905

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4
Q

Why was Japan more powerful than Russia?

A

It had a better trained army & navy and more effective intelligence

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5
Q

When did Port Arthur fall to the Japanese?

A

January 1905

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6
Q

When was the Russian army defeated at Mukden?

A

March 1905

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7
Q

When was the Russian Baltic Fleet defeated at the Tsushima Straight?

A

May 1905 within an hour

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8
Q

What were a few issues of the Russo-Japanese war ? (3 Bullet Points)

A

•Japan’s militaristic culture
•Lack of communication
•£30,000 payment to the British for loaned ships being destroyed

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9
Q

What was wrong with the hierarchy of the army in 1905?

A

There were 12 levels and only the Tsar could appoint the Top 3

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10
Q

What were the demands of the workers ? (3 bullet points)

A

•8 hour working days
•minimum wage of a rouble a day
•democracy and end to suffering and war

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11
Q

When was Bloody Sunday ?

A

9 January 1905

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12
Q

What were the initial events of Bloody Sunday?

A

A crowd of 50,000~100,000 wanted to confront the Tsar at the Winter Palace

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13
Q

What happened at the climax of Bloody Sunday?

A

Troops shot at the crowd approaching and there were approximately 130 killed and 300 wounded

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14
Q

What did the workers do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?

A

400,000 broke out in strike in St Petersburg and strikes begun in other countries

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15
Q

What did the peasants do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?

A

Initially nothing but in March they killed their landowners and stole wealth and kidnapped wives and children

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16
Q

What did the minorities do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?

A

There were uprisings in Poland and Latvia where workers clashed with armed forces

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17
Q

What did the middle classes do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?

A

A national congress of Zemstvo was formed to create reform

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18
Q

What did the soldiers do in the aftermath of Bloody Sunday ?

A

•Kronstadt sailors formed a mutiny and sparked further strikes
•On 14 June mutineers took over the Battleship Potemkim and joined striking workers in Odessa

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19
Q

Who led the National Zemstvo Congress?

A

Georgie Lvov

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20
Q

When was the Union of Unions formed ?

A

May 1905

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21
Q

What was the peace treaty between Russia and Japan called ?

A

Treaty of Portsmouth

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22
Q

Who was in charge in negotiating peace between Japan and Russia ?

A

Sergei Witte

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23
Q

Who pressured Nicholas into making the August Manifesto?

A

Sergei Witte

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24
Q

What was included in the August Manifesto ?

A

•A consultative Duma would be set up to discuss issues
•A voting system favouring peasants and upper class

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25
Q

What is the issue of favouring peasants in the voting process?

A

They are no longer pro-Tsarist and the Duma is likely to be radicalised

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26
Q

When did the railway workers strike occur ?

A

September 1905

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27
Q

What happened on the railway workers strike ?

A

It caused chaos leading to a general strike of 4.5 million and all opposition group united

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28
Q

When was the St Petersburg Soviet set up ?

A

13th October 1905

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29
Q

What was the St Petersburg Soviet made up of?

A

562 representatives from 147 factories , 34 shops and 16 trade unions each member represented 500 people

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30
Q

What was the Executive of the Petrograd Soviet made up of ?

A

30 members from the Mensheviks, Bolsheviks and SRs

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31
Q

Who were the leaders of the St Petersburg Soviet?

A

Chairman: Nosar
Deputy: Trotsky

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32
Q

How many soviets appeared in Russia after the 1905 revolution?

A

50 soviets

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33
Q

What was the strength of Soviets ?

A

Refusal to work with other bodies like Union of Unions and was an organisation for solely the working class

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34
Q

What was included in the October Manifesto ?

A

•A legislative Duma was set up
•Freedom of speech and censorship relaxed
•Trade Unions legalised

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35
Q

What were the changes made to peasants mortgage repayments throughout 1905-1907?

A

October Manifesto - they have been reduced
Jan 1907 - they have been abolished

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36
Q

What groups did the October Manifesto favour/not favour ?

A

Favour: Appeal to minorities, liberal groups, peasants
Didn’t Favour: Revolutionary groups and Soviets

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37
Q

Who were the Octobrists ?

A

A group to ensure the October Manifesto is held up and wanted a Tsar with limited power

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38
Q

Who led the Octobrists ?

A

Chairman: Guchkov
Deputy: Rodzianko

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39
Q

Who were the Kadets ?

A

Wanted to develop on top of the October Manifesto and wants to see an elected national assembly as well as developed basic rights

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40
Q

When were the Kadets formed ?

A

12-18 October 1905

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41
Q

Who led the Kadets ?

A

Pavel Milyukov

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42
Q

When was the St Petersburg Soviet stormed and what happened?

A

3rd December 1905 - Trotsky and Nosar were arrested and later sentenced to exile in Siberia

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43
Q

What was the spark for the Moscow Soviet Uprising ?

A

3 December 1905 - 150 representatives shelled by the army

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44
Q

When did the SRs bomb the Okhrana HQ in Moscow ?

A

10th December 1905

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45
Q

When was the Head of the Okhrana assassinated ?

A

15th December 1905

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46
Q

When and why was the Moscow Soviet Uprising cancelled ?

A

18th December 1905 - The Semyoonisky regiment arrived

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47
Q

When did Prince Lvov join the Kadets?

A

1905

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48
Q

How many members did the Kadets have in 1906?

A

100,000 - primarily nobility and intellectuals

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49
Q

How many members did the Octobrists have in 1906?

A

20,000 - landowners and businessmen

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50
Q

Who were the Union of Russian people?

A

300,000 people against jews and led Russian fascists

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51
Q

Who led the Union of Russian people?

A

Dubrovnin

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52
Q

How many pogroms were led by the Union of Russian people?

A

690

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53
Q

How many SDs were imprisoned or exiled between 1905-1909?

A

39,000

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54
Q

How many SDs were sentenced to death between 1905-1909?

A

3000

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55
Q

What percentage of political support did the SDs make up by 1910?

A

10%

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56
Q

How many peasants were killed and exiled by the Cossacks between Oct1905-Apr1906?

A

15,000 executed and 45,000 exiled

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57
Q

When were the Fundamental Laws passed?

A

23rd April 1906

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58
Q

What article allowed the Tsar to rule by emergency decree?

A

Article 87

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59
Q

What could the Tsar do to the Duma according to the Fundamental Laws?

A

Dissolve it at any time

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60
Q

What new body was created b the Fundamental Laws?

A

Imperial State Council - Tsar chose 50% of members and it could block the Dumas decision

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61
Q

Who was able to vote for the Duma?

A

Men over 25

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62
Q

Where was the meeting of the Duma held?

A

Tauride Palace

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63
Q

How many Kadets got into the First Duma?

A

182

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64
Q

How many Octobrists got into the First Duma?

A

17

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65
Q

How many SDs got into the First Duma?

A

42

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66
Q

How many SRs/Labourists into the First Duma?

A

136

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67
Q

When was the Vyborg Appeal?

A

22 July 1906

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68
Q

When was the First Duma dissolved?

A

21 July 1906

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69
Q

What was included in the Vyborg Appeal?

A

They asked people disobey the Tsar and refuse to pay tax

70
Q

Who wrote up the Vyborg Appeal?

A

200 Kadets and Labourists

71
Q

When was Stolypin appointed as Prime Minister?

A

April 1906

72
Q

How were the Vyborg group punished?

A

Banned from standing for re-election and many were arrested

73
Q

How many Kadets got into the Second Duma?

A

91 - decrease

74
Q

How many Octobrists got into the Second Duma?

A

42 - increase

75
Q

How many SDs got into the Second Duma?

A

47 - small increase

76
Q

How many SRs/Labourists into the Second Duma?

A

104 Labourists and 37 SRs - shift

77
Q

When was the First Duma in session?

A

April 1906 - July 1906

78
Q

When was the Second Duma in session?

A

February 1907 - June 1907

79
Q

What word can be used to categorise the Second Duma?

A

Polarised

80
Q

Why was the Second Duma dissolved?

A

It was impossible to get through reform as one half saw it as too radical and the other half saw it as too liberal

81
Q

When was Stolypin appointed Governor of Saratov?

A

1903

82
Q

What was Stolypin’s first title?

A

Marshal of the Konvo Nobility

83
Q

When was Stolypin appointed to Minister of Interior?

A

April 1906

84
Q

When was Stolypin appointed to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?

A

July 1906

85
Q

When was Stolypin assassinated?

A

September 1911

86
Q

What did Stolypin specialise in?

A

Controlling peasants and crushing their uprisings

87
Q

What were Stolypin’s two objectives?

A

•To feed the population
•To create a strong conservative peasantry

88
Q

How many did Interior Minister Durnovo kill, wound and exile in late 1905?

A

15,000 died ,20,000 wounded and 45,000 exiled to Siberia

89
Q

When did Interior Minister Durnovo claim a state of emergency in all of Russia?

A

August 1906

90
Q

How many people did Durnovo sentence to death between 1906-1907?

A

Over 1000 people

91
Q

Where was Lenin sentenced ?

A

Finland

92
Q

Where was Trotsky sentenced ?

A

Siberia

93
Q

What percentage of peasants households were still village communes in 1914?

A

80%

94
Q

By 1914 what percentage of village communes owned land?

A

20%

95
Q

How many peasants left for Siberia between 1906-1913?

A

3.5 million peasants

96
Q

What was the schooling related bill Stolypin introduced?

A

4 years of schooling from 8

97
Q

What dissolved the second Duma ?

A

3rd June Decree

98
Q

When did the 3rd Duma first assemble ?

A

November 1907

99
Q

How many seats did pro-government parties control in the Third Duma?

A

287 out of 443

100
Q

What was the nickname given to the Third Duma ?

A

Duma of Lords and Lackeys

101
Q

When was the Third Duma dissolved?

A

June 1912

102
Q

How many Octobrists got into the Third Duma?

A

154 - increase

103
Q

How many Rightists got into the Third Duma?

A

147 - increase

104
Q

How many Kadets got into the Third Duma?

A

54 - decrease

105
Q

What bills was Stolypin able to put through in the Third Duma?

A

*Land reforms
*Modernising the army
*National health insurance to cover accidents and illness

106
Q

Who was president of the Third Duma?

A

Guchkov

107
Q

When was The Naval Staff General Bill?

A

1909

108
Q

What did The Naval Staff General Bill include?

A

Transfers powers of the navy from the court to the Ministry of War

109
Q

What controversy did The Naval Staff General Bill cause?

A

Created a divide between the conservative members who refused the bill and Stolypin who supported the bill

110
Q

Who did Stolypin become reliant on after being abandoned by the gentry?

A

Nationalists particularly Poland

111
Q

What did the West Zemstvo Bill suggest?

A

A more complex voting procedure including both nationality and property

112
Q

Why did the Western Zemstvo Bill get passed even after the ISC shut it down?

A

Stolypin threatened to resign if the Tsar did not pass it via Article 87

113
Q

When was Stolypin assassinated ?

A

1st September 1911

114
Q

How did Stolypin benefit the relationship between the Tsar and Duma?

A

It created a common enemy

115
Q

When did the Fourth Duma first meet?

A

February 1912

116
Q

How many Rightists got into the Fourth Duma?

A

154 - minor increase

117
Q

How many Octobrists got into the Fourth Duma?

A

126 - decrease

118
Q

How many Leftists got into the Fourth Duma?

A

152

119
Q

What were the issues with the Fourth Duma?

A

•The aims became unclear due to more independents
•Completely divided

120
Q

Who was Head of the Fourth Duma?

A

Rodzianko

121
Q

Why was the Fourth Duma dissolved?

A

WW1 began

122
Q

What was the Lena Gold Mining Company?

A

A monopoly of mining and exports allowing for large profits

123
Q

Which two figures were investors in the Lena Gold Mining Company?

A

Sergei Witte and Putilov

124
Q

Why were the working conditions so bad in the Lena Gold Mining Company?

A

•Pay would be deducted if accidents occurred
•Paid in coupons

125
Q

What was the accident rate in the Lena Goldfield Company?

A

70% of workers had an accident

126
Q

When did a general strike erupt in the Lena Fold Mining Company?

A

13 March 1912

127
Q

What were the demands of the Lena Gold Mining Company strike?

A

8 hour working day, 30% raise in wages, elimination of deductions and improvement in food

128
Q

When did the Lena Gold Fields Massacre occur?

A

17 April 1912

129
Q

Why did the Lena Gold Fields Massacre occur?

A

After strikers were arrested 2,500 workers went to complain and soldiers began shooting at them

130
Q

How many were killed and wounded in the Lena Gold Fields Massacre ?

A

180 died and 240 wounded

131
Q

What were the consequences of the Lena Gold Fields Massacre ?

A

A wave of strikes and protests

132
Q

How many strikers and strikes occurred in April 1912?

A

300,000 strikers and 700 strikes

133
Q

How many people abandoned the Lena Gold Fields?

A

9,000 employees

134
Q

How many strikes occurred in 1905, 1910 and 1912?

A

1905 - 14,000
1910 - 222
1912 - 1,918

135
Q

Between 1912-1914 how many workers were involved in how many strikes?

A

3 million were involved in 9000 strikes

136
Q

When was the Bolshevik newspaper “Pravda” established ?

A

1912

137
Q

How many copies of Pravda were printed a day for trade unions?

A

40,000

138
Q

What were the literacy rates in 1897 and 1914?

A

1897 - 24%
1914 - 40%

139
Q

How many industrial workers were there in 1897 and 1914?

A

1897 - 7 million
1914 - 28 million

140
Q

How large was the Russian army in 1914?

A

1,400,000 but could mobilise a 5,000,000 conscript

141
Q

What was the Russian population in 1897 and 1914?

A

1897 - 100 million
1914 - 120 million

142
Q

How many men to one gun were there in 1914 and 1916?

A

1914 - 6 men to 1 gun
1916 - 12 men to 1 gun

143
Q

When was Archduke Fran Ferdinand assassinated ?

A

28th June 1914

144
Q

How were Kaiser Wilhelm II and Nicholas II related ?

A

Cousins

145
Q

What were the Willy-Nicky Exchanges?

A

A series of telegrams between Nicholas and Kaiser Wilhelm hoping Russo-German conflict could be avoided

146
Q

When did Germany declare war on Russia?

A

1st August 1914

147
Q

What were the problems of peasants being conscripted?

A

Less food being produced so workers often returned back to their fields

148
Q

What were the strengths of the Russian army?

A

Very large and modernised after the Russo-Japanese war

149
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Russian army?

A

•Generals had positions due to nepotism
•Unfit, uneducated and unmotivated

150
Q

What three bodies had control over the Russian Army?

A

Supreme Headquarters
War Ministry
Front Command

151
Q

What did the generals nickname their soldiers?

A

Tyi - animals/objects

152
Q

What did Zhilinsky promise to France?

A

8,000,000 Russian troops

153
Q

When was the Battle of Tannenburg?

A

26-30 August 1914

154
Q

What were the problems with the Battle of Tannenburg?

A

Both Russian armies wanted recognition so they refused to work together

155
Q

Who were the generals in charge of the Battle of Tannenburg?

A

Samsanov and Rennenkampf

156
Q

What were the consequences of the Battle of Tannenburg?

A

•Samsanov killed himself
•Rennenkampf lost 125,000men and 150 artillery to Germany’s 40,000 men

157
Q

What was The Great Retreat?

A

Russian forces were drawn out of East Prussia, Poland and Lithuania

158
Q

How many men were killed and taken prisoner in the Great Retreat?

A

1 million men killed or wounded
1 million men taken prisoner

159
Q

When and what was the Brussels offensive?

A

1916 - Russia attempted to attack Austria-Hungary but Germany then intercepted

160
Q

What shortages did Russia have?

A

Ammunition, Food, Clothing, Medical Care and Soldiers

161
Q

What were the minimum working hours during the war?

A

11 hours

162
Q

What nationality was Nicholas II’s wife Alexandra?

A

German

163
Q

Who was Rasputin?

A

A Siberian peasant who Alexandra idolised however was extremely unpopular with the population

164
Q

When was Rasputin assassinated and why?

A

1916 - a group wanted to cleanse the monarchy

165
Q

Between 1916 - 1917 what happened to purchasing power?

A

It fell by half

166
Q

What happened to rent throughout 1916 - 1917?

A

It trebled

167
Q

During 1916 how many working days were lost in Petrograd and why?

A

750,000 due to strike action

168
Q

Why was the war effort so low?

A

There was a lack of a Russian identity

169
Q

Out of 15 million soldiers how many were killed between 1914 - 1917?

A

2 million

170
Q

Out of 15 million soldiers how many were injured and taken prisoner between 1914 - 1917?

A

5 million

171
Q

Why were the peasants reliant on inferior animals during war time?

A

The army took the best horses

172
Q
A

History Russia (4 decks)

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