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History Russia > 1917 revoloution and PG > Flashcards

1917 revoloution and PG Flashcards

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1
Q

What average temperature was the winter of 1917?

A

-15 degrees

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2
Q

What is the main reason for the 1917 revolution?

A

Failure of war

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3
Q

What are a few other reasons for the 1917 revolution?

A

Soldiers being conscripted
Inflation
Weakness of Russian army
Lack of food
More educated
Lack of Russian identity

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4
Q

Why was inflation so high?

A

20-30 million rubles were printed a day

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5
Q

Why were women so angry during war time?

A

They spent hours queuing for bread and also had to work

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6
Q

What percentage of workers were women in Petrograd’s textile industry?

A

70%

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7
Q

What percentage of workers were women in Petrograd’s engineering industry?

A

20%

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8
Q

When was further rationing introduced in Russia?

A

15th February 1917

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9
Q

When was International Women’s Day in 1917?

A

23 February 1917

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10
Q

What was the initial protest for on Women’s Day?

A

Equal rights

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11
Q

Why did the Women’s Day protest grow?

A

They began demanding bread and a change to rationing and began recruiting male workers to join in

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12
Q

By 24th February 1917 how many protestors were there ?

A

200,000

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13
Q

How was the 1917 revolution dealt with on 25th February?

A

The military and police dealt with it harshly although soldiers were reluctant to do so

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14
Q

How did the punishment for the 1917 revolution grow by 26th February?

A

Agitators were arrested and demonstrators were killed

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15
Q

What did the Volonsky regiment take from the army on 27th February 1917?

A

100,000 men, 40,000 rifles, 30,000 revolvers, 8000 prisoners

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16
Q

How did the Volonsky regiment start a mutiny?

A

Their influence spread to other barracks so the soldiers joined the protest

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17
Q

When and how many soldiers marched on the Tauride palace to set up the Petrograd Soviet?

A

27th February 1917 - 25,000 marched

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18
Q

How was the Petrograd Soviet organised?

A

3000 delegates out of which 2/3 were servicemen as they were better organised

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19
Q

Who is the first chairman of the PS and for how long?

A

Chkheidze and he lasted from March 1917 to September 1917

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20
Q

Who are a few Menshevik members of the PS to begin with?

A

Martov and Tsarateli

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21
Q

When was the Committee/Council of Ministers dissolved?

A

27th February 1917

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22
Q

When was the Temporary Committee set up by the Fourth Duma?

A

28th February 1917

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23
Q

When did the PS and Fourth Duma negotiate the 8 points?

A

1st March 1917

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24
Q

What did the 8 points achieve that were discussed by the PS and Fourth Duma?

A

Amnesty for political prisoners, freedom of speech, abolition of restrictions based on nationality and class, more rights to soldiers

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25
Q

Why did the PS work with the PG?

A

Lack of experience
Helped them maintain power
Cautious that army leaders may rebel

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26
Q

When was the Provisional Government announced?

A

2nd March 1917

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27
Q

Who was the first Minister President of the PG?

A

Prince Georgy Lvov

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28
Q

What was the personality of Georgy Lvov?

A

Mild-mannered, not radical but indecisive due to not being a member of a party

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29
Q

What class dominated the PG?

A

Intellegensia

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30
Q

What party dominated the PG?

A

None

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31
Q

What was the role of the PG?

A

To oversee Russia until a fair democratic election for the people to draw up a constitution

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32
Q

Were people happy with the ministers chosen for the PG?

A

No they didn’t not who the majority of them were

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33
Q

Who convinced the Tsar to abdicate?

A

The army generals under Rodzianko’s orders

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34
Q

Who was the most notable and well known member of the PG?

A

Kerensky who was Minister of Justice and Vice-Chairman

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35
Q

When did the Tsar abdicate?

A

2nd March 1917

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36
Q

Why did the Tsar abdicate?

A

To look after his ill son Alexei

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37
Q

Why did the Tsars younger brother Mikhail seize the throne from him?

A

The PS and PG forced him to refuse the crown

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38
Q

Why were some roles appointed in April 1917?

A

There was a downfall of the SRs

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39
Q

Did the PG become more or less radical in April 1917?

A

More radical with two Mensheviks joining and other members from revolutionary parties

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40
Q

What changed with Kerensky’s role in April 1917?

A

He went from Minister ion Justice to Minister of War and Navy due to it needing to be in the hands of a trusted person

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41
Q

What was Order Number 1?

A

The PS had primary control over the army and could only follow PG orders if they did not contradict the PS

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42
Q

Was Russia a system of Dual Power in March 1917?

A

No, the PS had all of the major power whereas the PG was just in a position of authority

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43
Q

How many soviets sprang up throughout 1917?

A

1500

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44
Q

What were the attitudes towards the PG?

A

Viewed as weak
Dominated by left-wing

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45
Q

What were the Peasants reaction to the PG?

A

Revolted against their land owners and the Volost committees became dominated by revolutionaries

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46
Q

How many workers went on strike from May 1917 to July 1917?

A

500,000

47
Q

Why did workers go on strike from May 1917 to July 1917?

A

For better working conditions

48
Q

What were Red Guards?

A

Armer workers encouraged by The Bolsheviks

49
Q

How many Red Guards were there by July 1917?

A

200,000

50
Q

What were the liberalist views on the war?

A

Continue the war until decisive victory

51
Q

What were the PS views on the war?

A

End the war at all costs

52
Q

What was “An Appeal to all the People in the World”?

A

The PS statement to end the war to try and get the PG to endorse it

53
Q

How did the PG choose to resolve the war?

A

Russia would not seek to make any territorial gains and would focus on defence until a peace settlement was made

54
Q

What was the response to the PG’s stance on the war?

A

There were mass demonstrations of workers and soldiers in the April Crisis

55
Q

How was the April Crisis righted?

A

Minister of Foreign Affairs Milyukov and Minister of War and Navy Guchkov stepped down

56
Q

What were the consequences of the April Crisis?

A

Distrust of the PG
Demonstrated lack of enthusiasm for war

57
Q

When did Lenin arrive back in Petrograd?

A

3rd April 1917

58
Q

When did Lenin give his April Theses?

A

4th April 1917

59
Q

What did the April Theses include?

A

A 10 point programme summarised as “Peace, Bread and Land”
Peace - end to war
Bread - fix food shortages
Land - help the peasants

60
Q

How does Lenin believe they will cause a revolution?

A

Standing alone from other parties and bodies and then overthrow the PG and demand power to soviets

61
Q

What is wrong with the way Lenin wants to cause revolution?

A

The overthrowing of the PG goes against Marxist theory

62
Q

What is wrong with the April Theses?

A

No real mention of peasants and the plan to fix the problems was extremely vague

63
Q

How did the PG react to the April Theses?

A

They didn’t because the group was so small

64
Q

How did the Right Bolsheviks react to Lenin’s return?

A

Many of them were outraged by Lenin’s suggestions and he wasn’t following Marx and he was going too fast

65
Q

How did the Centre Bolsheviks react to Lenin’s return?

A

Unconvinced of Lenin’s plans and many such as Kamanev, Stalin, Zinoviev expressed their concerns

66
Q

How did the Left Bolsheviks react to Lenin’s return?

A

Taking a strong stand was very popular and appealed to the workers and soldiers

67
Q

How did the Bolshevik membership change from February 1917 to May 1917?

A

25,000 to 75,000 - which the majority of wee extremely radical

68
Q

What did the war allow the PG to gain?

A

Gain in patriotism
Victory
Control over revolutionary army

69
Q

What are some examples of unruly army regiments?

A

Kronstadt Naval Base and the Viborg District

70
Q

Why did Brusliov report that soldiers were keen on fighting?

A

They were willing to fight for Brusilov but only him nobody else

71
Q

When did the Bolsheviks plan a demonstration against the war?

A

10th June however it was cancelled after the PS rejected it

72
Q

How many deserters were there in WW1?

A

170,000 reported but in reality it was 200,000+

73
Q

When was the June Offensive?

A

18th June 1917

74
Q

Who carried out the June Offensive?

A

7th, 8th and 11th Armies

75
Q

What did the 11th Army achieve on the First Day of the June Offensive?

A

Advanced to an area defended by Czechs and captured 18,000 members, 21 guns and 16 machine guns

76
Q

What did the 8th Army achieve on the First Day of the June Offensive?

A

Defeated German reserves and Austro-Hungarian soldiers and captured 10,000 men and 90 artillery pieces

77
Q

What did the 7th Army achieve on the First Day on the June Offensive?

A

They waited three days as soldiers were unwilling to fight and had a lack of discipline

78
Q

What happened after a week of the June Offensive?

A

Germany sent six divisions and pushed Russian soldiers back 145km, killed 40,000 Russian soldiers and wounded 20,000

79
Q

Why did the June Offensive go so poorly?

A

Lack of organisation
Soldiers unwilling to fight
Poor decision-making from generals

80
Q

What were the consequences of the June Offensive?

A

Last offensive of WW1
Brusilov replaced Kornilov
Russia disregarded by allies
Showed ineffectiveness of GV and a lack of change

81
Q

What was wrong with the way the PG was going out land distribution?

A

They wanted the land owners to be compensated and kept blocking Chernov’s ideas leading to the peasants taking it without permission

82
Q

When did Finland and Poland call for independence on Russia?

A

When the Tsar abdicated although they did not get it until much later

83
Q

What country did Russia give self-governance to?

A

Ukraine

84
Q

How many factories and jobs were lost in Petrograd between February and July 1917?

A

568 factories and 100,000 jobs

85
Q

Why were factories shutting down in Petrograd?

A

Shortages of fuel and raw materials

86
Q

How did the PG try and convince peasants to bring in grain to the cities?

A

They paid double for it in August 1917 however it didn’t work as the harvest was poor

87
Q

What happened to grain prices within Petrograd between February and June 1917?

A

They doubled

88
Q

How did the PG further try and convince peasants to bring in grain to the cities?

A

They sent punishment brigades to seize grain however this only turned peasants hostile

89
Q

How much did the price of shoes increase between August 1914 and August 1917?

A

10 times

90
Q

Were the increased wages matching the rate of inflation between August 1914 to August 1917?

A

No, on average incomes only increased 4 times whereas most goods were increasing 7 times

91
Q

What mistakes had the PG made by June 1917?

A

Blocked Chernov’s land deal
Supported the war
Refused to intervene in the economy
Sided with employers over workers

92
Q

What happened on 3rd July 1917?

A

Soldiers and workers began rioting throughout Petrograd

93
Q

How did the July Days develop by 4th July 1917?

A

20,000 Kronstadt sailors joined in and they kidnapped Chernov

94
Q

How did Lenin react to the July Days?

A

He adopted a “wait and see” policy and did not get involved

95
Q

Why did the July Days end?

A

There was no clear leadership and the uprising thus lost momentum and crowds were dispersed

96
Q

What were the consequences of the July Days?

A

Over 1000 leading Bolsheviks were arrested including Trotsky but Lenin fled to Finland

97
Q

Who was Kerensky?

A

He specialised in workers rights and was a member of the SRs and was arrested in 1905 for publishing a socialist newspaper

98
Q

When did Kerensky become Minister President?

A

8th July 1917

99
Q

Who was Kornilov?

A

Commander-in-Chief of Russian armies and was popular among upper and middle classes for being tough

100
Q

What did Kornilov demand from Kerensky?

A

Make treason and desertion punishable by death
Give himself immunity from the PG
No interference in military deals
Strikes banned during wartime

101
Q

What did Kerensky do to Kornilov in August 1917?

A

He dismissed him as commander-in-chief

102
Q

How did Kornilov retaliate to Kerensky’s actions?

A

Him and Krynov ordered troops to attack Petrograd

103
Q

How was the Kornilov Affair put to a stop?

A

Kerensky asked for helped from the PS and and Kornilov was arrested with Krynov killing himself

104
Q

What were the consequences of the Kornilov Affair on Kerensky?

A

He was heavily distrusted and was shown to be a lot more conservative than previously thought of

105
Q

What were the consequences of the Kornilov Affair on the Bolsheviks?

A

They were seen as saviours as they helped defend Kerensky so membership grew sharply as well as getting access to guns

106
Q

What were the consequences of the Kornilov Affair on the PS?

A

Trotsky became the leader of the PS and became a loose coalition of Mensheviks, Bolsheviks and SRs

107
Q

What were the consequences of the Kornilov Affair on the army?

A

The army was shown to be loyal to the Bolsheviks and Kerensky was shown to have limited power over them

108
Q

In what condition was the PG in August 1917?

A

Kerensky lost all support
Dominated by Kadets and Trudovniks
Needed help from PS

109
Q

In what condition was the PS in August 1917?

A

Increasingly divided
Mensheviks and SRs were losing popularity after joining the PG

110
Q

What did Kamanev try to achieve in September 1917?

A

14 September - Tried to convince them to join a Soviet coalition
18 September - Nothing happened and no coalition was formed

111
Q

In what condition were the Bolsheviks in August 1917?

A

300,000 population on eve of insurrection and growing
Gained of the falling of Mensheviks and SRs

112
Q

When did Trotsky replace Chkheidze as chairman of the PS?

A

25th September 1917

113
Q

In September 1917 what number of executive seats belong to the Bolsheviks in the PS?

A

4 out of 7

114
Q

Why did the Bolsheviks get more votes proportionally?

A

Less were voting but all the revolutionaries still were so it made the results more revolutionary

History Russia (4 decks)

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