Rogo Qs (Y1 & 2) & (Copied to Cancer Qs) Flashcards
A 67-year-old woman with breast cancer is told by her oncologist that she will require chemotherapy after surgery
What is this type of treatment called?
Adjuvant
Curative
Neo-adjuvant
Palliative
Primary
Adjuvant
A 67-year-old woman with ovarian cancer is told by her oncologist that she will require chemotherapy before surgery
What is this type of treatment called?
Adjuvant
Curative
Neo-adjuvant
Palliative
Primary
Neo-adjuvant
There are certain histological features that are characteristic of neoplasia.
Which of the following are associated with a benign tumour?
High mitotic rate
High nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
Irregular margins
Organised tissue
Presence of necrosis
Organised tissue
Malignant and benign tumours have different clinical behaviours.
Which one of the following is a pathological sign of benign tumours?
More frequent and abnormal mitoses
Poorly cohesive and infiltrative
Regional and distant metastases
Slow progressive growth rate
Various degrees of anaplasia
Slow progressive growth rate
Immunotherapy is the latest novel treatment for cancer.
Which immunotherapeutic technique has shown dramatic responses in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)?
Cancer vaccines
CAR T-cells
PD1 checkpoint inhibitor
Pembrolizumab
Rituximab
CAR T-cells
Erlotinib is an orally administered small molecule inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase used to treat
Small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell cancer
Erlotinib is an orally administered small molecule inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase used to treat
Small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell cancer
Genetic alterations within cells can predispose to the formation of tumours and eventually cancers in the body.
Which of the following statements best describes an oncogene?
An altered gene that controls the cells structure and function
An altered gene that inhibits the growth of differentiated cells
An altered gene that promotes apoptosis and inhibits necrosis of cells.
An altered gene that promotes cell growth and division
An altered gene that regulates the metabolism of tumour cells
An altered gene that promotes cell growth and division
Tumours are classified on the basis of their cell/tissue of origin.
What is a benign tumour arising from adipose tissue (fat) called?
Adipocyte adenoma
Adipoma
Leioangiomyoma
Leiomyoma
Lipoma
Lipoma
;Diagnostic tests like biopsies and imaging are used to determine a cancer’s grade and its stage.
Which of the following is considered a staging criterion?
Cytological atypia
Mitotic activity
Necrosis
Resemblance/lack of resemblance to tissue of origin
Spread to distant organs
Spread to distant organs
There are three checkpoints in the cell cycle which allow fidelity of DNA replication and cell division.
Which of the following proteins are most likely to be mutated if a damaged cell does not stop at the G2/M checkpoint?
B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)
BRCA 1 (breast cancer 1)
Myc
p53
pRB (retinoblastoma protein)
BRCA 1 (breast cancer 1)
Human blood contains chemical buffers which are able to neutralise a small amount of added acid or base.
Which of the following is the most important buffer system in the blood?
Ammonium buffer system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Haemoglobin buffer system
Phosphate buffer system
Plasma proteins buffer system
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
DNA hypermethylation is observed in the 5’ untranslated region of the genome near to promoter regions of genes, resulting in transcriptional silencing.
On which DNA base is hypermethylation most likely to occur?
Adenosine
Cytosine
Guanine
Inosine
Thymine
Cytosine
Abnormal epigenetic modifications can be observed in cancer cells. For example, hypomethylation is observed in the 3’ untranslated region of tumour suppressor genes.
What is the effect of this epigenetic modification?
Activate transcription factors
Enhance tumour suppressor gene expression
Increase the association between histones and the DNA
Promote gene silencing
Promote genomic instability
Promote genomic instability
Cancers are initiated and progress by mutations in genes which result in either a gain or loss of function.
Which of the following best describes the gain of function mutation observed in lung adenocarcinoma?
Mutation in CDKN2A (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor)
Mutation in Rb (retinoblastoma protein)
Mutation in EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)
Mutation in MYC
Mutation in TP53 (tumour protein 53)
Mutation in EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor)
DNA damage from ultra violet light results in the formation of pyrimidine dimers.
Which DNA repair mechanism can correct this mutation?
Base excision repair
Homologous double strand recombination
Mismatch repair
Non-homologous double strand end joining
Nucleotide excision repair
Nucleotide excision repair