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mod1 > Robbins Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Robbins Ch. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cellular infiltrate for acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

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2
Q

What is the cellular infiltrate for chronic inflammation?

A

monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes

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3
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain)

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4
Q

What are the 3 main components of acute inflammation?

A

1: dilation of small vessels leading to an increase in blood flow
2: increased permeability of the microvasculature
3: Emigrations of the leukocytes

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5
Q

What is vasodilation most notably mediated by?

A

histamine

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6
Q

Contraction of endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability is elicited by what?

A

Histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes

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7
Q

Other than contraction of the endothelial cells, what other mechanism causes increased permeability?

A

Endothelial injury

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8
Q

What act on endothelial cells of postcapillary venules to coordinated expression of E-selectins and ligands for L-selectins?

A

TNF and IL-1

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9
Q

What is firm adhesion mediated by?

A

integrins

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10
Q

Where are integrins found?

A

on leukocyte surface

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11
Q

What induces endothelial expression of ligands for integrins?

A

TNF and IL-1

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12
Q

What adhesion molecules present in the intercellular junctions between endothelial cells are involved in the migration of leukocytes?

A

CD31 or PECAM-1

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13
Q

What are the most common exogenous chemoattractants?

A

bacterial products including peptides that possess an N-formylmethionine

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14
Q

What are the main endogenous chemoattractants?

A

1: cytokines (IL-8)
2: Complement (C5a)
3: arachidonic acid metabolites (mainly leukotriene B4; LTB4)

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15
Q

What type of infection causes the cellular infiltrate to be dominated by continuously recruited neutrophils for several days?

A

Pseudomonas bacteria

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16
Q

In what type of infection might lymphocytes be the first cells to arrive?

A

viral

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17
Q

What type of reactions cause eosinophils to be the main cells to arrive?

A

allergic reactions

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18
Q

What is one of the most successful therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases?

A

block TNF

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19
Q

What are the major opsonins, which enhance phagocytosis?

A

IgG antibodies, C3b from complement, and certain plasma lectins most notably mannose-binding lectin

20
Q

which NOS is involved in microbial killing?

A

iNOS

21
Q

what induces iNOS?

A

macrophages and neutrophils being activated by cytokines (e.g. iFN-gamma)

22
Q

What is the major antiprotease in serum and tissue fluids that controls harmful proteases from neutrophil from destroying tissue?

A

alpha1-antitrypsin

23
Q

T lymphocytes can also contribute to acute inflammation by secreting what?

A

IL-17 which recruits other leukocytes

24
Q

What T lymphocyte secretes IL-17?

A

Th17

25
Q

In the absence of effective Th17 responses, individuals are susceptible to what?

A

fungal and bacterial infections and the skin abscesses that develop are “cold abscesses”

26
Q

What antiinflammatory cytokines are produced from macrophages and other cells to terminate and acute inflammation?

A

TGF-beta and IL-10

27
Q

What are the 2 major vasoactive amines?

A

histamine and serotonin

28
Q

What leukotriene is a potent chemotactic agent and activator of neutrophils?

A

LTB4

29
Q

What dietary modification can be used to manipulate inflammatory responses?

A

increasing the consumption of fish oil

30
Q

The MAC complex of the complement system is important mainly for the killing of what?

A

microbes wit thin cell walls such as Neisseria bacteria

31
Q

inherited deficiency of C1 inhibitor is the cause of what?

A

hereditary angioedema

32
Q

Nerve fiber containing substance P are prominent where?

A

lung and gastrointestinal tract

33
Q

What are the 4 patterns of acute inflammation?

A

Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent or abscess, ulcer

34
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A

infiltration with mononuclear cells, Tissue destruction, and attempts at healing

35
Q

What activates M1 macrophages?

A

microbes and IFN-gamma

36
Q

What is the job of classically activated M1 macrophages?

A

killing organisms and inflammation

37
Q

What activates alternatively activated M2 macrophages?

A

IL-13 and IL-4

38
Q

What is the job of alternatively activated M2 macrophages?

A

Tissue repair, fibrosis, anti-inflammatory

39
Q

What is a granulomatous inflammation characterized by?

A

collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes, and sometimes associated with central necrosis

40
Q

What are the important mediators of the acute phase reaction?

A

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF

41
Q

What are the majoe clinical pathologic changes that occur during the acute phase reaction?

A

Fever, Acute phase proteins, leukocytosis

42
Q

What are the 3 major Acute-phase proteins?

A

C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A protein

43
Q

What is the most important source of growth factors for cell proliferation to repair injury?

A

macrophages that are activated by the tissue injury

44
Q

What are the 3 steps in scar formation?

A

Angiogenesis, formation of granulation tissue, remodeling of connective tissue

45
Q

What is the most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?

A

TGF-beta

46
Q

The degradation of collagens and other ECM components is accomplished by what?

A

matrix mealloproteinases (MMPs)

47
Q

What inhibits MMPs?

A

TIMPs

mod1 (8 decks)

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