Robbins Ch. 3

Question 1

What is the cellular infiltrate for acute inflammation?

Answer 1

neutrophils

Question 2

What is the cellular infiltrate for chronic inflammation?

Answer 2

monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 3

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 3

rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), and dolor (pain)

Question 4

What are the 3 main components of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

1: dilation of small vessels leading to an increase in blood flow
2: increased permeability of the microvasculature
3: Emigrations of the leukocytes

Question 5

What is vasodilation most notably mediated by?

Answer 5

histamine

Question 6

Contraction of endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability is elicited by what?

Answer 6

Histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes

Question 7

Other than contraction of the endothelial cells, what other mechanism causes increased permeability?

Answer 7

Endothelial injury

Question 8

What act on endothelial cells of postcapillary venules to coordinated expression of E-selectins and ligands for L-selectins?

Answer 8

TNF and IL-1

Question 9

What is firm adhesion mediated by?

Answer 9

integrins

Question 10

Where are integrins found?

Answer 10

on leukocyte surface

Question 11

What induces endothelial expression of ligands for integrins?

Answer 11

TNF and IL-1

Question 12

What adhesion molecules present in the intercellular junctions between endothelial cells are involved in the migration of leukocytes?

Answer 12

CD31 or PECAM-1

Question 13

What are the most common exogenous chemoattractants?

Answer 13

bacterial products including peptides that possess an N-formylmethionine

Question 14

What are the main endogenous chemoattractants?

Answer 14

1: cytokines (IL-8)
2: Complement (C5a)
3: arachidonic acid metabolites (mainly leukotriene B4; LTB4)

Question 15

What type of infection causes the cellular infiltrate to be dominated by continuously recruited neutrophils for several days?

Answer 15

Pseudomonas bacteria

Question 16

In what type of infection might lymphocytes be the first cells to arrive?

Answer 16

viral

Question 17

What type of reactions cause eosinophils to be the main cells to arrive?

Answer 17

allergic reactions

Question 18

What is one of the most successful therapies for chronic inflammatory diseases?

Answer 18

block TNF

Question 19

What are the major opsonins, which enhance phagocytosis?

Answer 19

IgG antibodies, C3b from complement, and certain plasma lectins most notably mannose-binding lectin

Question 20

which NOS is involved in microbial killing?

Answer 20

iNOS

Question 21

what induces iNOS?

Answer 21

macrophages and neutrophils being activated by cytokines (e.g. iFN-gamma)

Question 22

What is the major antiprotease in serum and tissue fluids that controls harmful proteases from neutrophil from destroying tissue?

Answer 22

alpha1-antitrypsin

Question 23

T lymphocytes can also contribute to acute inflammation by secreting what?

Answer 23

IL-17 which recruits other leukocytes

Question 24

What T lymphocyte secretes IL-17?

Answer 24

Th17

Question 25

In the absence of effective Th17 responses, individuals are susceptible to what?

Answer 25

fungal and bacterial infections and the skin abscesses that develop are "cold abscesses"

Question 26

What antiinflammatory cytokines are produced from macrophages and other cells to terminate and acute inflammation?

Answer 26

TGF-beta and IL-10

Question 27

What are the 2 major vasoactive amines?

Answer 27

histamine and serotonin

Question 28

What leukotriene is a potent chemotactic agent and activator of neutrophils?

Answer 28

LTB4

Question 29

What dietary modification can be used to manipulate inflammatory responses?

Answer 29

increasing the consumption of fish oil

Question 30

The MAC complex of the complement system is important mainly for the killing of what?

Answer 30

microbes wit thin cell walls such as Neisseria bacteria

Question 31

inherited deficiency of C1 inhibitor is the cause of what?

Answer 31

hereditary angioedema

Question 32

Nerve fiber containing substance P are prominent where?

Answer 32

lung and gastrointestinal tract

Question 33

What are the 4 patterns of acute inflammation?

Answer 33

Serous, Fibrinous, Purulent or abscess, ulcer

Question 34

What are the 3 characteristics of chronic inflammation?

Answer 34

infiltration with mononuclear cells, Tissue destruction, and attempts at healing

Question 35

What activates M1 macrophages?

Answer 35

microbes and IFN-gamma

Question 36

What is the job of classically activated M1 macrophages?

Answer 36

killing organisms and inflammation

Question 37

What activates alternatively activated M2 macrophages?

Answer 37

IL-13 and IL-4

Question 38

What is the job of alternatively activated M2 macrophages?

Answer 38

Tissue repair, fibrosis, anti-inflammatory

Question 39

What is a granulomatous inflammation characterized by?

Answer 39

collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes, and sometimes associated with central necrosis

Question 40

What are the important mediators of the acute phase reaction?

Answer 40

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF

Question 41

What are the majoe clinical pathologic changes that occur during the acute phase reaction?

Answer 41

Fever, Acute phase proteins, leukocytosis

Question 42

What are the 3 major Acute-phase proteins?

Answer 42

C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, and serum amyloid A protein

Question 43

What is the most important source of growth factors for cell proliferation to repair injury?

Answer 43

macrophages that are activated by the tissue injury

Question 44

What are the 3 steps in scar formation?

Answer 44

Angiogenesis, formation of granulation tissue, remodeling of connective tissue

Question 45

What is the most important cytokine for the synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins?

Answer 45

TGF-beta

Question 46

The degradation of collagens and other ECM components is accomplished by what?

Answer 46

matrix mealloproteinases (MMPs)

Question 47

What inhibits MMPs?

Answer 47

TIMPs