Robbins Ch. 2

Question 1

What are the 2 biochemical pathways involved in muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 1

PI3K/AKT and G-protein coupled

Question 2

What are the transcription factors activated in muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 2

GATA4, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)

Question 3

What is the most common metaplasia and when does it occur?

Answer 3

columnar to squamous; respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation

Question 4

Deficiency in what vitamin induces squamous metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 4

Vitamin A (retinoic acid)

Question 5

What type of metaplasia occurs in Barrett’s esophagus?

Answer 5

squamous to columnar

Question 6

What is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells?

Answer 6

Cellular swelling

Question 7

Ischemia caused by obstruction in a vessel may lead to what type of necrosis except for in the brain?

Answer 7

coagulative

Question 8

A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called what?

Answer 8

an infarct

Question 9

The presence of dead leukocytes called pus is found in what type of necrosis?

Answer 9

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 10

Focal bacterial or fungal infections cause what type of necrosis?

Answer 10

liquefactive

Question 11

hypoxic death of cells within the central nervous system often manifests as what type of necrosis?

Answer 11

liquefactive

Question 12

Necrosis applied to a limp, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply is what type of necrosis?

Answer 12

Gangrenous necrosis

Question 13

A granuloma is characteristic of what type of necrosis?

Answer 13

caseous necrosis

Question 14

Caseous necrosis is most often encountered with what?

Answer 14

Tuberculous infection

Question 15

What type of necrosis occurs with acute pancreatitis?

Answer 15

Fat necrosis

Question 16

What type of necrosis is usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels?

Answer 16

Fibrinoid necrosis

Question 17

What are the Anti-apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family?

Answer 17

BCL2, BCL-XL, and MCL1

Question 18

How do the anti-apoptotic proteins work?

Answer 18

By keeping the mitochondrial outer membrane impermeable they prevent leakage of cytochrome c and other death inducing proteins into the cytosol

Question 19

What are the pro-apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family?

Answer 19

BAX and BAK

Question 20

How do the pro-apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family work?

Answer 20

they increase the permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane allowing cytochrome c to leak into cytoplasm

Question 21

What are the sensors of the BCL2 family?

Answer 21

BAD, BIM, BID, PUMA and NOXA. (BH3-only proteins)

Question 22

What does cytochrome c bind to once released into the cytosol?

Answer 22

APAF-1 (apoptosis-activating factor 1)

Question 23

During apoptosis, what proteins enter the cytoplasm to bind to and neutralize cytoplasmic proteins that function as physiologic inhibitors of apoptosis?

Answer 23

Smac/Diablo

Question 24

What receptor family are the death receptors for the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

Answer 24

TNF receptor family

Question 25

What are the most common death receptors?

Answer 25

TNFR1 and Fas

Question 26

After fas binds to fasL, the cytoplasmic portion of fas binds to what adaptor protein?

Answer 26

FADD

Question 27

FADD activates what caspase after binding to Fas?

Answer 27

caspase 8 and in humans caspase 10

Question 28

What protein can inhibit the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

Answer 28

FLIP

Question 29

how does FLIP work?

Answer 29

binds to pro-caspase 8 but cannot cleave and activate it because it lacks a protease domain

Question 30

What are the executioner caspases?

Answer 30

3 and 6

Question 31

DNA damage induced apoptosis involves what gene?

Answer 31

tumor-suppressor gene TP53

Question 32

What proteins accumulates in cells when DNA is damaged?

Answer 32

p53

Question 33

What receptor mediates necroptosis?

Answer 33

TNF

Question 34

What unique kinases are involved in necroptosis?

Answer 34

RIP1 and RIP3

Question 35

What is a useful marker for identifying cells in which autophagy is occuring?

Answer 35

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)

Question 36

Coal worker's pneumoconiosis is an abnormal intracellular acculation of what?

Answer 36

Carbon dust

Question 37

How is melanin formed?

Answer 37

when the enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine to dyhydroxyphenylalanine in melanocytes.

Question 38

What type of calcification occurs locally in dying tissues?

Answer 38

dystrophic calcification

Question 39

what type of calcification occurs when caldium salts are deposited in otherwise normal tissues?

Answer 39

metastatic calcification

Question 40

Activation of certain tumor suppressor genes, particularly those encoded by what gene, seem to be involved in controlling replicative senescence?

Answer 40

CDKN2A locus

Question 41

What familial syndrome is associated with a defect in TP53 gene?

Answer 41

Li-Fraymeni syndrome