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MOD1 > Robbins Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Robbins Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 biochemical pathways involved in muscle hypertrophy?

A

PI3K/AKT and G-protein coupled

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2
Q

What are the transcription factors activated in muscle hypertrophy?

A

GATA4, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2)

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3
Q

What is the most common metaplasia and when does it occur?

A

columnar to squamous; respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation

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4
Q

Deficiency in what vitamin induces squamous metaplasia in the respiratory epithelium?

A

Vitamin A (retinoic acid)

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5
Q

What type of metaplasia occurs in Barrett’s esophagus?

A

squamous to columnar

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6
Q

What is the first manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells?

A

Cellular swelling

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7
Q

Ischemia caused by obstruction in a vessel may lead to what type of necrosis except for in the brain?

A

coagulative

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8
Q

A localized area of coagulative necrosis is called what?

A

an infarct

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9
Q

The presence of dead leukocytes called pus is found in what type of necrosis?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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10
Q

Focal bacterial or fungal infections cause what type of necrosis?

A

liquefactive

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11
Q

hypoxic death of cells within the central nervous system often manifests as what type of necrosis?

A

liquefactive

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12
Q

Necrosis applied to a limp, generally the lower leg, that has lost its blood supply is what type of necrosis?

A

Gangrenous necrosis

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13
Q

A granuloma is characteristic of what type of necrosis?

A

caseous necrosis

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14
Q

Caseous necrosis is most often encountered with what?

A

Tuberculous infection

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15
Q

What type of necrosis occurs with acute pancreatitis?

A

Fat necrosis

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16
Q

What type of necrosis is usually seen in immune reactions involving blood vessels?

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

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17
Q

What are the Anti-apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family?

A

BCL2, BCL-XL, and MCL1

18
Q

How do the anti-apoptotic proteins work?

A

By keeping the mitochondrial outer membrane impermeable they prevent leakage of cytochrome c and other death inducing proteins into the cytosol

19
Q

What are the pro-apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family?

A

BAX and BAK

20
Q

How do the pro-apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family work?

A

they increase the permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane allowing cytochrome c to leak into cytoplasm

21
Q

What are the sensors of the BCL2 family?

A

BAD, BIM, BID, PUMA and NOXA. (BH3-only proteins)

22
Q

What does cytochrome c bind to once released into the cytosol?

A

APAF-1 (apoptosis-activating factor 1)

23
Q

During apoptosis, what proteins enter the cytoplasm to bind to and neutralize cytoplasmic proteins that function as physiologic inhibitors of apoptosis?

A

Smac/Diablo

24
Q

What receptor family are the death receptors for the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

A

TNF receptor family

25
Q

What are the most common death receptors?

A

TNFR1 and Fas

26
Q

After fas binds to fasL, the cytoplasmic portion of fas binds to what adaptor protein?

A

FADD

27
Q

FADD activates what caspase after binding to Fas?

A

caspase 8 and in humans caspase 10

28
Q

What protein can inhibit the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

A

FLIP

29
Q

how does FLIP work?

A

binds to pro-caspase 8 but cannot cleave and activate it because it lacks a protease domain

30
Q

What are the executioner caspases?

A

3 and 6

31
Q

DNA damage induced apoptosis involves what gene?

A

tumor-suppressor gene TP53

32
Q

What proteins accumulates in cells when DNA is damaged?

A

p53

33
Q

What receptor mediates necroptosis?

A

TNF

34
Q

What unique kinases are involved in necroptosis?

A

RIP1 and RIP3

35
Q

What is a useful marker for identifying cells in which autophagy is occuring?

A

Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)

36
Q

Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis is an abnormal intracellular acculation of what?

A

Carbon dust

37
Q

How is melanin formed?

A

when the enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine to dyhydroxyphenylalanine in melanocytes.

38
Q

What type of calcification occurs locally in dying tissues?

A

dystrophic calcification

39
Q

what type of calcification occurs when caldium salts are deposited in otherwise normal tissues?

A

metastatic calcification

40
Q

Activation of certain tumor suppressor genes, particularly those encoded by what gene, seem to be involved in controlling replicative senescence?

A

CDKN2A locus

41
Q

What familial syndrome is associated with a defect in TP53 gene?

A

Li-Fraymeni syndrome

MOD1 (8 decks)

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