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Biochem > Rna & Transcription > Flashcards

Rna & Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Mushroom poison

A

Amanita phalloides (the “death cap”).

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2
Q

These mushrooms contain the toxin

A

alpha amanitin.

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3
Q

sequence contains the genetic master plan. ‘ untouchable’

A

DNA

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4
Q

the “working copy” of the DNA.

A

RNA

by transcription

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5
Q

– 3 Major Types: mRNAs, rRNAs, tRNAs.
– Small RNA molecules:
• non-translated (non-coding - ncRNAs), snRNA, snoRNA, miRNA.
– Function
• protein-coding,structural,catalytic(Ribozymes), and regulatory.

A

Transcription Products

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6
Q 
– Nucleotide polymer joined by
phosphodiester bonds.
– Considerably smaller than DNA.
– Exist as single strands.
– Contain ribose instead of deoxyribose.
– Contain uracil instead of thymine.
– They differ in size, function, and special structural shapes and modifications.
A

RNA characteristics

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7
Q

28S, 18S, 5.8S, and 5S.

A

Four rRNA species

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8
Q

which is related to the molecular weight and shape of the compound.]

A

“S”is the Svedberg unit

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9
Q

Together, rRNAs make up about

A

80% of the total RNA in the cell.

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10
Q

rRNA interacts with ribosomal proteins to form the

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

Main function of rRNA is

A

mRNA Translation

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12
Q

The smallest of the 3 major types of RNA

A

tRNA

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13
Q

Make up about ___1___ the total RNA in the cell.

A

15%

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14
Q

tRNA contains

A

Modified bases

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15
Q

Forms secondary

A

and tertiary structures

tRNA

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16
Q

Main function of tRNA

A

mRNA decoding during translation.

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17
Q

There is at least one type of tRNA to transfer each of the

A

20 amino acids

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18
Q

Specific amino acid is covalently attached to its

A

3’ end

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19
Q

Most heterogeneous type of RNA in size and base sequence.

A

mRNA

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20
Q

It comprises about ___1___ of the total cellular RNA.

A

1- 3-5%

21
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA is

A

Monocistronic

22
Q

Monocistronic means that it

A

Carries information from just one gene.

23
Q

mRNA structural characteristics

A

– 5’ Cap
– Untranslated regions (UTR) at its 5’- and 3’- ends.
– 3’ Poly A tail

24
Q
  1. Chromatin structure remodeling to allow DNA access.
  2. Three RNA Polymerases for the synthesis of rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA.
  3. Transcription factors (TFs):regulatory proteins to initiate and regulate transcription.
A

Requirements for transcription of eukaryotic genes

25
Q

Chromatin Remodeling affects the ability of the transcription machinery to access the DNA to be

A

transcribed

26
Q

Relaxed form of DNA

A

Euchromatin

27
Q

Most actively transcribed genes in

A

Euchromatin

28
Q

Histone Acetyltransferase

A

HAT

29
Q

HATs add acetyl group to

A

Lys

30
Q

HATs add acetyl group to Lys —>

A

weak DNA/histone interaction

In, in euchromatin

31
Q

Highly condensed chromatin

A

Heterochromatin

32
Q

Most inactive segments of DNA

A

Heterochromatin

33
Q

Histone Deacetylase

A

HDAC

34
Q

HDAC removes acetyl group from Lys —>

A

strong DNA/histone interaction

35
Q

RNA Pol I

A

Pre- rRNA: precursor of 28S, 18S, and 5.8S (in the

nucleolus)

36
Q

RNA Pol II

A

mRNA and some ncRNA (snRNA, snoRNA, miRNA)

37
Q

RNA Pol III

A

tRNA, 5S rRNA, some snRNA and snoRNA

38
Q

Synthesis of all types of mtRNAs.

A

By One Mitochondrial RNA Polymerase

39
Q

a region of DNA that initiates/promotes transcription of a particular gene.

A

Promoter

40
Q

a region of DNA that initiates/promotes transcription of a particular gene.

A

DNA elements

41
Q

– 25 nt upstream of the transcription start site (+1 nt).

A

• TATA or Hogness box

42
Q

– 70 and 80 nucleotides upstream of the +1 nt.

A

CAAT Box

43
Q

– Regulatory proteins that bind to DNA elements in promoters of RNA polymerase II genes.

A

Eukaryotic general transcription factors

44
Q

CTF, SP1, TFIID.

A

Examples of TFs

45
Q

– Assembly of the transcription initiation complex.

– Recruitment of RNA polymerases.

A

Function of TFs

46
Q

Local unwinding of DNA caused by

A

RNA polymerase II

47
Q

Local unwinding of DNA caused by RNA Pol II

A

and formation of an open initiation complex.

Transcription elongation

48
Q

Alpha amanitin causes

A 
-GI disturbances
– Electrolyte imbalance
– Fever
– Liver and kidney dysfunction 
– 50-90% die within few days

Biochem (8 decks)

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