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Biochem > Genome > Flashcards

Genome Flashcards

1
Q

DNA genome size (nuclear)

A

3.2 X 10^9 bps

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2
Q

Mt DNA genome size

A

16,569 bps

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3
Q

Nuclear gene numbers

A

30,000 genes

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4
Q

Mt genome number of genes

A

37

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5
Q

Mt DNA

A

Only inherited from mother

haploid

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6
Q

Franklin X-ray images suggest that

A

DNA is double helix

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7
Q

Chargaff rules stated

A

A=T

G=C

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8
Q

2 nucleotides are held together by

A

Covenant bond between sugar if one nucleotide and phosphate group of another

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9
Q

2 strands are connected via

A

Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

The 2 strands run

A

Anti parallel

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11
Q

Chromatin fibers are packed by

A

His tone proteins

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12
Q

The histone protein octamer complex is formed from

A

Histone protein dimers of H2A H2B H3 H4

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13
Q

The octamers bind and wrap the DNA around twice

A

To prevent the linear DNA from becoming a mess

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14
Q

Necleosomes are separated by

A

30 bp linker DNA

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15
Q

What protects the nucleosome from becoming a mess?

A

Histone H1 that binds to the linker DNA

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16
Q

Linear DNA packing with histone proteins and forming a supercoiled sister chromatid

A

occurs in metaphase stage

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17
Q

Metaphase chromosomes are used in

A

Karyotyping

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18
Q

Genomic DNA can be easily denatured by

A

Heating

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19
Q

DNA can be renatured by

A

Cooling

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20
Q

When a double stranded DNA in solution is heated

A

the double-stranded DNA starts

unwinding, and the Hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together starts breaking

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21
Q

Breaking a double-stranded DNA into single strands is known as

A

DNA denaturation

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22
Q

When a DNA solution is cooled down, complementary DNA strands can reform into double stranded DNA. This process is called

A

Renaturation

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23
Q

the G-C content of DNA is high

A

it needs higher temperature to even start denaturing

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24
Q

The temperature at which the DNA strands are half denatured is called

A

The melting temperature

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25
Q

Melting temperature varies to each organism’s DNA based on their

A

G-C / A-T contents

26
Q

Hybridization experiment is being done to identify

A

The DNA homology between two different organisms for a gene of interest

27
Q

PCR is used to

A

amplify the target DNA sequences in large quantities

28
Q

Coding genes

A

2%
64 Mb
From genes to ➡️ proteins or RNA

29
Q

Non-coding

A

98%
3136 Mb
Repetitive or introns

30
Q

Difference between eukaryotic gene and prokaryotic gene?

A

Eukaryotic genes have introns ( l2nha kbeera)

Prokaryotic gene have no introns

31
Q

Eukaryotic mRNA is

A

Monocistronic

1 mRNA ➡️ 1 protein

32
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA is

A

Polycistronic

1 mRNA ➡️ 3 different proteins ( multiple proteins )

33
Q

Non-coding genes

34
Q

Of the non-coding DNA, the repetitive DNA is

A

47%

  • DNA sequences that are repeated many times in the genome
  • Sequence repeats size can be from 1.0 to 100s of bases
35
Q

Repetitive DNA can be

A

interspersed: 44%
Tandem: 3%

36
Q

Tandem are

A

Satellites

37
Q

Satellite DNA

A

repeated many times in the genome but adjacent to each other

38
Q

DNA repeat size ranges from

A

1.0 to 300 bases.

39
Q

Satellite DNA are mostly located in the

A

heterochromatin regions:
– Telomeres
– Centromeres

40
Q

Satellite DNAs (tandem repeats)

A

Identical/perfect TRs :
AGCTG-AGCTG-AGCTG-AGCTG

Degenerated/imperceptible TRs :
AGCTG-TGCTG-AGGTG-AGCTG

41
Q

Transposons : a type of interspersed

A

44%

are dispersed throughout the genome.

They able to move from one genomic location to another : transposition

42
Q

2 types of transposons

A

DNA transposons

RNA transposons

43
Q

DNA transposons

44
Q

RNA transposons (retrotransposons)

45
Q

RNA transposons are two types

A

– Long terminal repeat (LTR) transposons

– Non-LTR transposons

46
Q

LTR

47
Q

Non-LTR

48
Q

Non-LTR can be classified into

A
  • Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINES)

* Short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES)

49
Q

LINES

50
Q

SINES

51
Q

DNA transposons move from one genomic location to another by

A

a cut-and-paste mechanism.

52
Q

RNA transposons (retrotransposons) copy themselves into into

A

RNA by host RNA polymerase

53
Q

RNA will be reverse transcribed into DNA by

A

transposon encoded reverse transcriptase

54
Q

DNA will then be inserted to another genomic location by

A

transposons encoded integrase

55
Q

One of the best studied transposons is

A

Alu elements (sequences)

56
Q

Alu elements (sequences)

A

Belongs to SINES retrotransposons

57
Q

Alu elements

A

about 300 base pairs in long

58
Q

60% of genomic DNA contain

A

repetitive (47%) & miscellaneous sequences

59
Q

40% of genomic DNA contain genes and related sequences

A

26% Introns
12% regulatory & conserved
2% Gene coding sequences

60
Q

sequence differences were found to occur in the 41% of the retrotransposons

A

3.5%➡️4% of them

61
Q

might have played a major role in Human evolution from Chipms by moving from one genomic location to another location.

A

RNA transposons

Biochem (8 decks)

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